{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1786372959338,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n Among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), differences in proteinuria are seen between intravenous iron preparations after a single dose exposure. This study examined differences in proteinuria between two intravenous iron preparations after multiple doses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, setting, participants, & measurements<\/jats:title>\n Patients with iron-deficiency anemia and CKD, stratified by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)\/angiotensin receptor-blocker (ARB) use, were randomized to iron sucrose or ferric gluconate. Each patient at 12 centers received 100 mg of study drug weekly for 5 weeks. Urine protein\/urine creatinine ratio was measured before each dose and frequently thereafter for 3 hours.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Postbaseline data were available from 33 patients receiving iron sucrose and 29 patients receiving ferric gluconate. Although neither preparation of intravenous iron increased the predose level of proteinuria, the proteinuric response to intravenous iron was dependent on the type of iron and ACEI\/ARB use. Without ACEIs\/ARBs, ferric gluconate tended to cause less proteinuria with repeated iron administration; iron sucrose did not mitigate or aggravate proteinuria. Among patients receiving ACEIs\/ARBs, in contrast to ferric gluconate, which produced only mild transient proteinuria, iron sucrose produced a consistent and persistent proteinuric response that was on average 78% greater.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Although multiple doses of either intravenous iron did not increase basal levels of proteinuria, postdose proteinuria was greater with iron sucrose than with ferric gluconate. These data suggest that nephrotoxicity of iron may depend on type of intravenous iron and on ACEI\/ARB use. The long-term effects on kidney function need to be further evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.06020710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T20:55:35Z","timestamp":1285707335000},"page":"114-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Proteinuria Induced by Parenteral Iron in Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014A Comparative Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Leehey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi V.","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2008.12.004","article-title":"Hyporesponsiveness to erythropoietin: Causes and management","volume":"16","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R3-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for anemia in chronic kidney disease: Problems and solutions. A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)","volume":"74","author":"Locatelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R4-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00758.x","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial comparing IV iron sucrose to oral iron in anemic patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD","volume":"68","author":"Van Wyck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R5-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.03.007","article-title":"Iron management in nondialysis-dependent CKD","volume":"49","author":"Fishbane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R6-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0673-1","article-title":"Iron, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R7-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0405-y","article-title":"Iron therapy for renal anemia: how much needed, how much harmful?","volume":"22","author":"Horl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R8-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00703.x","article-title":"Sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients. 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Adverse reactions in iron dextran-sensitive and dextran-tolerant patients","volume":"63","author":"Coyne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R9-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0068","article-title":"Drug insight: Safety of intravenous iron supplementation with sodium ferric gluconate complex","volume":"2","author":"Michael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"key":"R10-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00716.x","article-title":"Parenteral iron nephrotoxicity: Potential mechanisms and consequences","volume":"66","author":"Zager","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R11-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00648.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"65","author":"Agarwal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R12-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh565","article-title":"Sodium ferric gluconate causes oxidative stress but not acute renal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease: A pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Leehey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R13-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002422","article-title":"Iron sucrose causes greater proteinuria than ferric gluconate in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"72","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R14-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1159\/000131102","article-title":"Analyzing change: A primer on multilevel models with applications to nephrology","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"R15-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2005.03.015","article-title":"Ironing out the mystery of nephrotoxicity of parenteral iron","volume":"146","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"R16-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1053\/snep.2002.35972","article-title":"Issues related to iron replacement in chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Agarwal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"R17-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F265","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00318.2004","article-title":"On the nature of proteinuria with acute renal injury in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"288","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"R18-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000099372","article-title":"Reproducibility of renal function measurements in adult men with diabetic nephropathy: Research and clinical implications","volume":"27","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"R19-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.33917","article-title":"Parenteral iron formulations: A comparative toxicologic analysis and mechanisms of cell injury","volume":"40","author":"Zager","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R20-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00565.x","article-title":"Parenteral iron treatment induces MCP-1 accumulation in plasma, normal kidneys, and in experimental nephropathy","volume":"68","author":"Zager","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R21-17-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000164","article-title":"Proinflammatory effects of iron sucrose in chronic kidney disease","volume":"69","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201101000-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:40:18Z","timestamp":1786369218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201101000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.06020710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}