{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:47:12Z","timestamp":1786373232397,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is associated with a higher risk of nephrolithiasis. However, it is not known whether higher body fat mass or abnormal fat distribution influences stone risk independent of dietary factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, non\u2013stone-forming men with no known kidney disease and with a wide range of body weight collected a 24-hour urine specimen while consuming a fixed metabolic diet. They underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to assess body composition and fat distribution. Urinary risk factors for nephrolithiasis and urine saturation with respect to calcium oxalate and uric acid (assessed as supersaturation index [SI]) were correlated with various measures of adiposity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Study participants included 21 men with a mean age of 52.1 years, mean weight of 91.1 kg, and mean total fat mass of 24.3 kg. Twenty-four-hour urine pH and SI uric acid were more closely correlated with fat mass than with lean mass or total body weight. Both 24-hour urine pH and SI uric acid were also significantly correlated with truncal fat mass but not with leg fat mass. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between truncal\/leg fat mass and NH\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/net acid excretion ratio (R=\u22120.62;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.009). However, there was no significant association between SI calcium oxalate and body weight, lean mass, fat mass, trunk fat mass, or leg fat mass.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between 24-hour urine pH and SI uric acid and various measures of adiposity suggest that total body fat and trunk fat are more strongly associated with risk factors for uric acid stone formation than are total body weight and lean body mass. Under a controlled metabolic diet, adiposity is not associated with risk factors for calcium oxalate stones. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger populations that include women and patients who form stones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.06180613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,8]],"date-time":"2013-11-08T00:21:13Z","timestamp":1383870073000},"page":"159-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Body Fat Content and Distribution and Urinary Risk Factors for Nephrolithiasis"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Pigna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khashayar","family":"Sakhaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverley","family":"Adams-Huet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naim M.","family":"Maalouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V991645","article-title":"Body size and risk of kidney stones.","volume":"9","author":"Curhan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R2-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.4.455","article-title":"Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones.","volume":"293","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.12.030","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and self-reported history of kidney stones: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994.","volume":"51","author":"West","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R4-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.09.004","article-title":"Body size and 24-hour urine composition.","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R5-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.11.164","article-title":"Effect of being overweight on stone-forming risk factors.","volume":"71","author":"Sarica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R6-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-008-0161-5","article-title":"Role of overweight and obesity on the urinary excretion of promoters and inhibitors of stone formation in stone formers.","volume":"36","author":"Negri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"R7-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00522.x","article-title":"Association of urinary pH with body weight in nephrolithiasis.","volume":"65","author":"Maalouf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R8-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00670207","article-title":"Low urine pH: A novel feature of the metabolic syndrome.","volume":"2","author":"Maalouf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R9-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr703","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and the risk of calcium stones.","volume":"27","author":"Sakhaee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R10-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0814","article-title":"Influence of body fat content and distribution on variation in metabolic risk.","volume":"91","author":"Vega","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R11-22-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116280","article-title":"Is abdominal body fat distribution a major explanation for the sex difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction? 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