{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:44:41Z","timestamp":1786373081997,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002551","name":"Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03-2019-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03-2019-25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014234","name":"Korean Society of Nephrology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BAXTER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAXTER"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to environmental chemicals has been recognized as one of the possible contributors to CKD. We aimed to identify environmental chemicals that are associated with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed the data obtained from a total of 46,748 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999\u20132016). Associations of chemicals measured in urine or blood (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =262) with albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio \u226530 mg\/g), reduced eGFR (&lt;60 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and a composite of albuminuria or reduced eGFR were tested and validated using the environment-wide association study approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 262 environmental chemicals, seven (3%) chemicals showed significant associations with increased risk of albuminuria, reduced eGFR, or the composite outcome. These chemicals included metals and other chemicals that have not previously been associated with CKD. Serum and urine cotinines, blood 2,5-dimethylfuran (a volatile organic compound), and blood cadmium were associated with albuminuria. Blood lead and cadmium were associated with reduced eGFR. Blood cadmium and lead and three volatile compounds (blood 2,5-dimethylfuran, blood furan, and urinary phenylglyoxylic acid) were associated with the composite outcome. A total of 23 chemicals, including serum perfluorooctanoic acid, seven urinary metals, three urinary arsenics, urinary nitrate and thiocyanate, three urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and seven volatile organic compounds, were associated with lower risks of one or more manifestations of CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of chemicals were identified as potential risk factors for CKD among the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.06780619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T18:06:49Z","timestamp":1590170809000},"page":"766-775","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Environment-Wide Association Study of CKD"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonghwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohee","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9978-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habyeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7559-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara Tammy","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life and Death Studies, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Nam","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Kyu","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Soo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yon Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Pyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765","article-title":"Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.18.0128","article-title":"Impact of chronic kidney disease on mortality: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B3-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.19.034","article-title":"Dialysis modality-related disparities in sudden cardiac death: Hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis","volume":"38","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B4-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.07.004","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Obrador","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"B5-20230813","first-page":"751","article-title":"Genetic and environmental predictors of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot ulcer: A pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B6-20230813","first-page":"101","article-title":"The CDC fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals: What it tells us about our toxic burden and how it assist environmental medicine physicians","volume":"15","author":"Crinnion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"B7-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020181","article-title":"Environmental chemical assessment in clinical practice: Unveiling the elephant in the room","volume":"13","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B8-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400701389891","article-title":"Environmental chemicals: From the environment to food, to breast milk, to the infant","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"key":"B10-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nj7389-363a","article-title":"Environment: Toxic effects","volume":"483","author":"Mascarelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2012.9.6","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic vascular complications","volume":"9","author":"Murea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"B12-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx062","article-title":"Environmental toxin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"10","author":"Vervaet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B13-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.94","article-title":"The effects of environmental chemicals on renal function","volume":"11","author":"Kataria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B14-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.043","article-title":"Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in human blood: Causes or consequences of diabetic nephropathy?","volume":"132","author":"Everett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B15-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318294ef68","article-title":"Hyperuricemia after exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans near a highly contaminated area","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B16-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010746","article-title":"An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.09.023","article-title":"The future burden of CKD in the United States: A simulation model for the CDC CKD initiative","volume":"65","author":"Hoerger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B18-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.08.020","article-title":"Calibration of serum creatinine in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1988-1994, 1999-2004","volume":"50","author":"Selvin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B19-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B20-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30373","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30373","article-title":"Environment-wide association study of blood pressure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2012)","volume":"6","author":"McGinnis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1530509100","article-title":"Statistical significance for genomewide studies","volume":"100","author":"Storey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B23-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxw030","article-title":"Weighted false discovery rate controlling procedures for clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Benjamini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"B24-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.03.013","article-title":"The decline in kidney function with chromium exposure is exacerbated with co-exposure to lead and cadmium","volume":"92","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B25-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.043","article-title":"Heavy metal nephropathy: Considerations for exposure analysis","volume":"92","author":"Lunyera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B26-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.037","article-title":"Exposome-wide association study of semen quality: Systematic discovery of endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers in fertility require large sample sizes","volume":"125","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B27-20230813","first-page":"200","article-title":"Environment-wide association study (EWAS) for type 2 diabetes in the marshfield personalized medicine research project biobank","volume":"2013","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pac Symp Biocomput"},{"key":"B28-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.01.017","article-title":"An environmental wide association study (EWAS) approach to the metabolic syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Lind","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B29-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.44689","article-title":"Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure","volume":"12","author":"Rastogi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"B30-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1039","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051039","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and exposure to nephrotoxic metals","volume":"18","author":"Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B31-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870125","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/870125","article-title":"Heavy metal poisoning and cardiovascular disease","volume":"2011","author":"Alissa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"key":"B32-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.013","article-title":"Incidence of nephrolithiasis in relation to environmental exposure to lead and cadmium in a population study","volume":"145","author":"Hara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B33-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.013","article-title":"Association of lead and cadmium exposure with frailty in US older adults","volume":"137","author":"Garc\u00eda-Esquinas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B34-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.3.272","article-title":"Environmental heavy metal exposure and chronic kidney disease in the general population","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B35-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.417","article-title":"Blood lead level and kidney function in US adolescents: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"170","author":"Fadrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B36-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp248","article-title":"Blood cadmium and lead and chronic kidney disease in US adults: A joint analysis","volume":"170","author":"Navas-Acien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"B37-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s5871","article-title":"Measurement of volatile organic compounds in human blood","volume":"104","author":"Ashley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B38-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800468w","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of six mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds in human urine","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"B39-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-43","article-title":"Blood and breath profiles of volatile organic compounds in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"15","author":"Mochalski","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B40-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046258","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in uremia","volume":"7","author":"Pagonas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.02.027","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds and kidney dysfunction in thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) workers","volume":"178","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B42-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2015.07.008","article-title":"Early liver and kidney dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to sub-threshold limit value levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in unleaded petrol","volume":"6","author":"Neghab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"B43-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr171","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and chronic kidney disease in US adults","volume":"174","author":"Shankar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B44-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04670418","article-title":"Perfluorinated chemicals as emerging environmental threats to kidney health: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Stanifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B45-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.033","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances follow inverted U-shaped distributions across various stages of glomerular function: Implications for future research","volume":"169","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B46-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S173809","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances and kidney function in chronic kidney disease, anemia, and diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B47-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.07.093","article-title":"The effect of ongoing blood loss on human serum concentrations of perfluorinated acids","volume":"118","author":"Lorber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B48-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP273","article-title":"A study of reverse causation: Examining the associations of perfluorooctanoic acid serum levels with two outcomes","volume":"125","author":"Dhingra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B49-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.05.016","article-title":"Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans","volume":"36","author":"Haug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B50-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.04.007","article-title":"Perfluorinated compounds--exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries","volume":"212","author":"Fromme","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"B51-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.01.013","article-title":"Exposure to organochlorines and mercury through fish and marine mammal consumption: Associations with growth and duration of gestation among inuit newborns","volume":"54","author":"Dallaire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B52-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440802273164","article-title":"Negative confounding in the evaluation of toxicity: The case of methylmercury in fish and seafood","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"B53-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020157","article-title":"Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"347","author":"Guallar","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B54-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.05.032","article-title":"The modifying effect of kidney function on the association of cadmium exposure with blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality: NHANES 1999-2010","volume":"353","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B55-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.01.005","article-title":"Urinary and blood cadmium and lead and kidney function: NHANES 2007-2012","volume":"219","author":"Buser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"B56-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000313","article-title":"The association of urine arsenic with prevalent and incident chronic kidney disease: Evidence from the Strong Heart Study","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B57-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-100765","article-title":"Associations of multiple metals with kidney outcomes in lead workers","volume":"69","author":"Shelley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"B58-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.07.012","article-title":"Differences in urine cadmium associations with kidney outcomes based on serum creatinine and cystatin C","volume":"111","author":"Weaver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B59-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.056077","article-title":"Associations of low-level urine cadmium with kidney function in lead workers","volume":"68","author":"Weaver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"B60-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-304","article-title":"Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: Analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006","volume":"10","author":"Ferraro","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B61-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.002","article-title":"Associations of renal function with urinary excretion of metals: Evidence from NHANES 2003-2012","volume":"121","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B62-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00340118","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics in kidney disease: Fundamental principles","volume":"13","author":"Lea-Henry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B63-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014121193","article-title":"Tubular secretion in CKD","volume":"27","author":"Suchy-Dicey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.06780619","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:42:07Z","timestamp":1786369327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.06780619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.06780619","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]}}}