{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:53:42Z","timestamp":1788447222706,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is renewed interest in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ACTH in children with frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in a randomized trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants aged 2\u201320 years old with frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome were enrolled from 16 sites in the United States and randomized 1:1 to ACTH (repository corticotropin injection) or no relapse-preventing treatment. ACTH treatment regimen was 80 U\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      administered twice weekly for 6 months, followed by 40 U\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      administered twice weekly for 6 months. The primary outcome was disease relapse during the first 6 months. Participants in the control group were offered crossover to ACTH treatment if they relapsed within 6 months. Secondary outcomes were relapse after ACTH dose reduction and treatment side effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The trial was stopped at a preplanned interim analysis after enrollment of 31 participants because of a lack of discernible treatment efficacy. Fourteen out of 15 (93%) participants in the ACTH arm experienced disease relapse in the first 6 months, with a median time to first relapse of 23 days (interquartile range, 9\u201332), compared with 15 out of 16 (94%) participants and at a median of 21 days (interquartile range, 14\u201351) in the control group. There was no difference in the proportion of relapsed patients (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 16.40;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt;0.99) or time to first relapse (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 2.15;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.93). Thirteen out of 16 participants in the control group crossed over to ACTH treatment. Three out of 28 participants completed 12 months of ACTH treatment; the others exited the trial because of frequent relapses or side effects. There were no disease relapses after ACTH dose reduction among the three participants. Most side effects were mild and similar to side effects of corticosteroids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ACTH at 80 U\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      administered twice weekly was ineffective at preventing disease relapses in pediatric nephrotic syndrome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.06890618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T11:04:19Z","timestamp":1542279859000},"page":"1859-1865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adrenocorticotropic Hormone for Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02132195","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Chia-shi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory and Children\u2019s Pediatric Institute, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Travers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"McCracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheed","family":"Gbadegesin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Helen DeVos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Benfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology of Alabama, PC, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarak","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ora","family":"Yadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Mattel Children\u2019s Hospital, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Orlando, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Orlando, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myda","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Orjuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Zaritsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children\/ Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samhar","family":"Al-Akash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Driscoll Children\u2019s Hospital, Corpus Christi, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margret","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory and Children\u2019s Pediatric Institute, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in childhood.","volume":"362","author":"Eddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00788.x","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of incident maintenance dialysis in children: An NAPRTC study.","volume":"63","author":"Leonard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B3-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.209","article-title":"Primary nephrotic syndrome in children: Clinical significance of histopathologic variants of minimal change and of diffuse mesangial hypercellularity. 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