{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:43:34Z","timestamp":1791855814418,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rituximab is an established therapy in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome to sustain short- to medium-term disease remission and avoid steroid toxicities. Recent trials focus on its use as a first-line agent among those with milder disease severity. Rituximab is used in multidrug refractory nephrotic syndrome and post-transplant disease recurrence, although the evidence is much less substantial. Available data suggest that the treatment response to rituximab depends on various patient factors, dosing regimen, and the concomitant use of maintenance immunosuppression. After repeated treatments, patients are found to have an improving response overall with a longer relapse-free period. The drug effect, however, is not permanent, and 80% of patients eventually relapse and many will require an additional course of rituximab. This underpins the importance of understanding the long-term safety profile on repeated treatments. Although rituximab appears to be generally safe, there are concerns about long-term hypogammaglobulinemia, especially in young children. Reliable immunophenotyping and biomarkers are yet to be discovered to predict treatment success, risk of both rare and severe side effects,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , persistent hypogammaglobulinemia, and guiding of redosing strategy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the use of rituximab for childhood nephrotic syndrome and how the therapeutic landscape is evolving.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.08570722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T20:41:19Z","timestamp":1669927279000},"page":"533-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Use of Rituximab in Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene Yu-hin","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology Centre, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond Yat-hin","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0969-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison Lap-tak","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology Centre, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan S.","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Women's College Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell","family":"Tullus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00039","article-title":"Ethnic differences in childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Chanchlani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front 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