{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:03:37Z","timestamp":1790262217610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007132","name":"Otsuka Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tolvaptan slows kidney function decline in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) at risk of rapid progression. In the 3-year Tolvaptan Efficacy and Safety in Management of ADPKD and Its Outcomes (TEMPO) 3:4, 2-year extension to TEMPO 3:4 (TEMPO 4:4), and 1-year Replicating Evidence of Preserved Renal Function: An Investigation of Tolvaptan Safety and Efficacy in ADPKD (REPRISE) trials, aquaretic adverse events were common. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations occurred in all three studies. Three patients met Hy Law criteria (ALT or AST more than three times and total bilirubin more than two times the upper limit of normal) for severe drug-induced liver injury (two in TEMPO 3:4 and one in TEMPO 4:4). In REPRISE, liver enzyme monitoring frequency was increased to monthly, with no Hy Law cases. A long-term, phase 3 safety study has further characterized tolvaptan safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects who completed TEMPO 4:4, REPRISE, or other tolvaptan trials could enroll in this prospective, multinational, open-label safety study. Assessments included monthly liver enzyme testing during the first 18 months of tolvaptan exposure and every 3 months thereafter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1803 subjects, median tolvaptan exposure during the extension was 651 days (interquartile range, 538\u2013924), and cumulative exposure (extension and previous trials) was \u226411 years. Subjects entering from REPRISE placebo experienced more aquaretic adverse events compared with subjects from TEMPO 4:4 or REPRISE tolvaptan (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e<\/jats:italic>\n                      ., patients with prior long-term tolvaptan exposure). Liver enzyme elevations also occurred more frequently in subjects from REPRISE placebo. Percentages experiencing ALT \u22653\/\u22655\/ \u226510\/\u226520 times the upper limit of normal were 3.2%\/2.1%\/0.9%\/0.7%, respectively, in subjects from REPRISE placebo and 0.6%\u20131.1%\/0.0%\u20130.1%\/0%\/0%, respectively, in those from REPRISE tolvaptan and TEMPO 4:4. Percentages experiencing AST \u22653\/ \u22655\/\u226510\/\u226520 times the upper limit of normal were 6.9%\/3.8%\/2.3%\/0.8%, respectively, in subjects from REPRISE placebo and 0.9%\u20132.0%\/0.0%\u20131.0%\/0%\/0%, respectively, in those from REPRISE tolvaptan and TEMPO 4:4. No Hy Law cases occurred.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No new safety signals emerged during this long-term extension. Monthly liver function testing for the first 18 months of treatment appeared to enable effective detection and management of transaminase elevations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial registry name and registration number:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open Label Extension of TEMPO 3:4, NCT02251275<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.10250620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T12:36:03Z","timestamp":1609245363000},"page":"48-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Multicenter Study of Long-Term Safety of Tolvaptan in Later-Stage Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02251275","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00428948","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02160145","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01214421","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02251275","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01451827","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente E.","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene B.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, The University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Devuyst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron T.","family":"Gansevoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald D.","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, 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