{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:03:14Z","timestamp":1792674194959,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent population studies have found symptomatic kidney stone formers to be at increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although kidney stones are not commonly identified as the primary cause of ESRD, they still may be important contributing factors. Paradoxically, CKD can be protective against forming kidney stones because of the substantial reduction in urine calcium excretion. Among stone formers, those with rare hereditary diseases (cystinuria, primary hyperoxaluria, Dent disease, and 2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones), recurrent urinary tract infections, struvite stones, hypertension, and diabetes seem to be at highest risk for CKD. The primary mechanism for CKD from kidney stones is usually attributed to an obstructive uropathy or pyelonephritis, but crystal plugs at the ducts of Bellini and parenchymal injury from shockwave lithotripsy may also contribute. The historical shift to less invasive surgical management of kidney stones has likely had a beneficial impact on the risk for CKD. Among potential kidney donors, past symptomatic kidney stones but not radiographic stones found on computed tomography scans were associated with albuminuria. Kidney stones detected by ultrasound screening have also been associated with CKD in the general population. Further studies that better classify CKD, better characterize stone formers, more thoroughly address potential confounding by comorbidities, and have active instead of passive follow-up to avoid detection bias are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.10651110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]],"date-time":"2011-07-22T21:42:28Z","timestamp":1311370948000},"page":"2069-2075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease in Kidney Stone Formers"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Rule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Krambeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Lieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.21285","article-title":"Risk for renal failure in nephrolithiasis","volume":"37","author":"Gambaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R2-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05811108","article-title":"Kidney stones and the risk for chronic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Rule","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R3-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-49","article-title":"Predicting the risk of chronic kidney disease in men and women in England and Wales: Prospective derivation and external validation of the QKidney Scores","volume":"11","author":"Hippisley-Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"R4-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00917.x","article-title":"Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976\u20131994","volume":"63","author":"Stamatelou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R5-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67128.x","article-title":"Decreased renal function among adults with a history of nephrolithiasis: A study of NHANES III","volume":"67","author":"Gillen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R6-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp669","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in the Thai adult population: Thai SEEK study","volume":"25","author":"Ingsathit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R7-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00126-1","article-title":"History of kidney stones as a possible risk factor for chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Vupputuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"R8-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-007-0079-3","article-title":"African American ESRD patients have a high pre-dialysis prevalence of kidney stones compared to NHANES III","volume":"35","author":"Stankus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"R9-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(04)01131-X","article-title":"ESRD caused by nephrolithiasis: Prevalence, mechanisms, and prevention","volume":"44","author":"Jungers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R10-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-005-0317-x","article-title":"Dent's disease and prevalence of renal stones in dialysis patients in Northeastern Italy","volume":"51","author":"Tosetto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"R12-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00317.x","article-title":"Causes and consequences of kidney loss in patients with nephrolithiasis","volume":"64","author":"Worcester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R13-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl718","article-title":"Mineral metabolism parameters throughout chronic kidney disease stages 1\u20135: Achievement of K\/DOQI target ranges","volume":"22","author":"Craver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R14-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000185884","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency in the course of idiopathic recurrent calcium stone disease: Risk factors and patterns of progression","volume":"54","author":"Marangella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"R15-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010030253","article-title":"Kidney stones associate with increased risk for myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Rule","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R16-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.08.008","article-title":"Risk factors for CKD in persons with kidney stones: A case-control study in Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"55","author":"Saucier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R17-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.03.095","article-title":"Renal function in patients with nephrolithiasis","volume":"176","author":"Worcester","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R18-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80611-1","article-title":"New insights into the consequences and mechanisms of renal impairment in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Klahr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R19-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116173","article-title":"Transport defects of rabbit medullary thick ascending limb cells in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"91","author":"Hwang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R20-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00580.x","article-title":"Obstructive uropathy in the mouse: Role of osteopontin in interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis","volume":"56","author":"Ophascharoensuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R21-40-20230811","first-page":"F205","article-title":"Renal perfusion and intratubular pressure during ureteral occlusion in the rat","volume":"238","author":"Gaudio","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"R22-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.300","article-title":"Glomerular and proximal tubular morphology after single nephron obstruction","volume":"36","author":"Tanner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R23-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.173","article-title":"Long-term effects of 24-hr unilateral ureteral obstruction on renal function in the rat","volume":"28","author":"Bander","year":"1985","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R24-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1983.72","article-title":"Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"Brenner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R25-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000238","article-title":"Randall's plaque: Pathogenesis and role in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis","volume":"69","author":"Evan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R26-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17038","article-title":"Randall's plaque of patients with nephrolithiasis begins in basement membranes of thin loops of Henle","volume":"111","author":"Evan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R27-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67114.x","article-title":"Crystal-associated nephropathy in patients with brushite nephrolithiasis","volume":"67","author":"Evan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R28-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.05.094","article-title":"Profile of the brushite stone former","volume":"184","author":"Krambeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R29-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2007.04.008","article-title":"Economics of stone management","volume":"34","author":"Lotan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"R30-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1081753","article-title":"Relationship between kidney size, renal injury, and renal impairment induced by shock wave lithotripsy","volume":"10","author":"Willis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R31-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000044874","article-title":"Renal trauma and the risk of long-term complications in shock wave lithotripsy","volume":"78","author":"Evan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"R32-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.10.055","article-title":"Prospective study of the long-term effects of shock wave lithotripsy on renal function and blood pressure","volume":"179","author":"Eassa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R33-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.115","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy compared to shock wave lithotripsy and conservative management","volume":"179","author":"Krambeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R34-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00989-4","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and hypertension associated with shock wave lithotripsy of renal and proximal ureteral stones at 19 years of followup","volume":"175","author":"Krambeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R35-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64475-6","article-title":"New onset hypertension after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Age related incidence and prediction by intrarenal resistive index","volume":"158","author":"Janetschek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R36-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.10.072","article-title":"Shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones is not associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R37-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00571.x","article-title":"Early observations of the effect of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy on blood pressure: A prospective randomized control clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Elves","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"R38-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.09.033","article-title":"Shock wave lithotripsy is not predictive of hypertension among community stone formers at long-term followup","volume":"185","author":"Krambeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R39-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005060634","article-title":"Prevention of lithotripsy-induced renal injury by pretreating kidneys with low-energy shock waves","volume":"17","author":"Willis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R40-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000281506","article-title":"Morphological lesions of the rat urinary tract induced by inoculation of mycoplasmas and other urinary tract pathogens","volume":"44","author":"Larsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"R41-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)32509-0","article-title":"Improved renal function following aggressive treatment of urolithiasis and concurrent mild to moderate renal insufficiency","volume":"152","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R42-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70295-7","article-title":"Reappraisal of the pathogenesis and consequences of hyperuricemia in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and renal disease","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R43-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007101075","article-title":"Uric acid and incident kidney disease in the community","volume":"19","author":"Weiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R44-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008010080","article-title":"Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Obermayr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R45-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.09.002","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and the risk of urinary tract stones: A population-based case-control study","volume":"48","author":"Lieske","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R46-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.07.023","article-title":"Mutations in DHDPSL are responsible for primary hyperoxaluria type III","volume":"87","author":"Belostotsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"R47-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000086360","article-title":"International registry for primary hyperoxaluria","volume":"25","author":"Lieske","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"R48-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000268","article-title":"Renal crystal deposits and histopathology in patients with cystine stones","volume":"69","author":"Evan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R49-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64824-0","article-title":"The impact of cystinuria on renal function","volume":"168","author":"Assimos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R50-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06169.x","article-title":"Reduced renal function and benefits of treatment in cystinuria vs other forms of nephrolithiasis","volume":"97","author":"Worcester","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"R51-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.26826","article-title":"Clinical features and genotype of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in Iceland","volume":"38","author":"Edvardsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R52-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl346","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of Dent's disease","volume":"21","author":"Ludwig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R53-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00520108","article-title":"Renal phenotype in Lowe syndrome: A selective proximal tubular dysfunction","volume":"3","author":"Bockenhauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R54-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.01.049","article-title":"Dent-2 disease: A mild variant of Lowe syndrome","volume":"155","author":"Bokenkamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R55-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07641009","article-title":"Prevalence of renal artery and kidney abnormalities by computed tomography among healthy adults","volume":"5","author":"Lorenz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R56-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.01.007","article-title":"Computerized tomographic angiography for renal donor evaluation leads to a higher exclusion rate","volume":"177","author":"Strang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R58-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.10.022","article-title":"Living renal donor allograft lithiasis: A review of stone related morbidity in donors and recipients","volume":"179","author":"Strang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R59-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn767","article-title":"Community-based study on CKD subjects and the associated risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R60-40-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn704","article-title":"A critical evaluation of chronic kidney disease: Should isolated reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate be considered a \u2018disease\u2019?","volume":"24","author":"Poggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201108000-00040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:40:49Z","timestamp":1786369249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201108000-00040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.10651110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}}}