{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:55:39Z","timestamp":1790294139984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regarding the high prevalence of African American patients with ESRD, it is important to estimate the prevalence of early stages of chronic kidney disease in this specific population. Because serum creatinine concentration is dependent on muscular mass, an ethnic factor has to be applied to creatinine-based equations. Such ethnic factors have been proposed in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation and in the more recent Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. This review analyzes how these correction factors have been developed and how they have, or have not, been validated in external populations. It will be demonstrated that the African American factor in the MDRD study equation is accurate in African American chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, it will be shown that this factor is probably too high for subjects with a GFR of \u226560 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , leading to an underestimation of the prevalence of CKD in the global African American population. It will also be confirmed that this ethnic factor is not accurate in African (non-American) subjects. Lastly, the lack of true external validation of the new CKD-EPI equations will be discussed. Additional trials seem necessary in American African and African populations to better estimate GFR and apprehend the true prevalence of CKD in this population with a high renal risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.10931210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,25]],"date-time":"2011-03-25T01:03:05Z","timestamp":1301014985000},"page":"906-912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Are the Creatinine-Based Equations Accurate to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate in African American Populations?"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Delanaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Mariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Krzesinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Cavalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0200447","article-title":"Studies on kidney function: The rate of filtration and reabsorption in the human kidney","volume":"20","author":"Rehberg","year":"1926","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"R3-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90559-X","article-title":"Race and creatinine excretion in chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"30","author":"Goldwasser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R4-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00299.x","article-title":"Methodological issues in studying the epidemiology of mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"61","author":"Hsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R5-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.12.1114","article-title":"Gender- and race-specific determination of albumin excretion rate using albumin-to-creatinine ratio in single, untimed urine specimens: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","volume":"155","author":"Jacobs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R6-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.10.1933","article-title":"Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: New insights into old concepts","volume":"38","author":"Perrone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R7-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000180580","article-title":"Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine","volume":"16","author":"Cockcroft","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"R8-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","article-title":"A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"130","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R9-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04160907","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease prevalence estimates among racial\/ethnic groups: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R10-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.229","article-title":"Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Effects of age, gender, and ethnicity","volume":"83","author":"Gallagher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R11-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp765","article-title":"Assessment of GFR by four methods in adults in Ashanti, Ghana: The need for an eGFR equation for lean African populations","volume":"25","author":"Eastwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R12-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn704","article-title":"A critical evaluation of chronic kidney disease\u2014Should isolated reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate be considered a \u201cdisease\u201d?","volume":"24","author":"Poggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R13-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.27691","article-title":"Comparison of cross-sectional renal function measurements in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis and of primary formulas to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"38","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R14-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.099085","article-title":"Estimating glomerular filtration rate in black South Africans by use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft\u2013Gault equations","volume":"54","author":"van Deventer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R15-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V82279","article-title":"Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: Results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot Study","volume":"8","author":"Toto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R16-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R17-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.462","article-title":"Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating the glomerular filtration rate in multiple ethnicities","volume":"79","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R18-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.17.2038","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States","volume":"298","author":"Coresh","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R19-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp279","article-title":"Low prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Far-East Asian populations: Impact of the ethnicity factor?","volume":"24","author":"Delanaye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R20-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq299","article-title":"Race differences in prevalence of chronic kidney disease among young adults using creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate-estimating equations","volume":"25","author":"Peralta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R21-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005111200","article-title":"Racial differences in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease among participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"McClellan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R22-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200202000-00002","article-title":"The epidemiology of end-stage renal disease among African Americans","volume":"323","author":"Martins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R23-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540400043029","article-title":"End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men. 16-year MRFIT findings","volume":"277","author":"Klag","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R25-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00004","article-title":"Using standardized serum creatinine values in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate","volume":"145","author":"Levey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R26-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.21.2719","article-title":"Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"285","author":"Agodoa","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R27-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.04.004","article-title":"Impact of creatinine calibration on performance of GFR estimating equations in a pooled individual patient database","volume":"50","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R28-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c48","DOI":"10.1159\/000151436","article-title":"Formula-based estimates of the GFR: Equations variable and uncertain","volume":"110","author":"Delanaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"R29-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000037420.89149.C9","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate requires attention to the creatinine assay calibration","volume":"13","author":"Coresh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R30-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.02.308","article-title":"Performance of creatinine-based estimates of GFR in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R31-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004070549","article-title":"Predictive performance of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft\u2013Gault equations for estimating renal function","volume":"16","author":"Froissart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R32-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004060447","article-title":"Performance of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft\u2013Gault equations in the estimation of GFR in health and in chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Poggio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R33-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020199","article-title":"Evaluation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation in a large diverse population","volume":"18","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R34-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000073","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate estimated by cystatin C among different clinical presentations","volume":"69","author":"Rule","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R35-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.4065\/81.11.1427","article-title":"Limitations of estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine in the general population","volume":"81","author":"Rule","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R36-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005070697","article-title":"Comparison of methods for determining renal function decline in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: The consortium of radiologic imaging studies of polycystic kidney disease cohort","volume":"17","author":"Rule","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R37-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000146688.74084.A3","article-title":"A comparison of iothalamate-GFR and serum creatinine-based outcomes: Acceleration in the rate of GFR decline in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R38-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.11","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with glomerular filtration rates in living kidney donors","volume":"75","author":"Poggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R39-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp510","article-title":"Development and validation of GFR-estimating equations using diabetes, transplant and weight","volume":"25","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R40-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.03.026","article-title":"Comparative performance of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equations for estimating GFR levels above 60 mL\/min\/1.73 m2","volume":"56","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R41-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1126\/science.305.5684.637","article-title":"Peering under the hood of Africa's runners","volume":"305","author":"Holden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R42-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00009","article-title":"Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: Accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease","volume":"141","author":"Rule","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R43-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006121411","article-title":"NHANES III: Influence of race on GFR thresholds and detection of metabolic abnormalities","volume":"18","author":"Foley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R44-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn469","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Kinshasa: Results of a pilot study from the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"24","author":"Sumaili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R45-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.336","article-title":"Cystatin C: Current position and future prospects","volume":"46","author":"Seronie-Vivien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"R46-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.638","article-title":"Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin C levels","volume":"75","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R47-31-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.11.018","article-title":"Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: A pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD","volume":"51","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201104000-00031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:40:42Z","timestamp":1786369242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201104000-00031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.10931210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}}}