{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:50:14Z","timestamp":1786373414794,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK103608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK103608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 NS077953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 NS077953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 NS077955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 NS077955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extremely low gestational age neonates born &lt;28 weeks gestation are at risk for chronic disease. We sought to describe the prevalence of kidney outcomes by gestational age and determine risk factors for their development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Recombinant Erythropoietin for Protection of Infant Renal Disease (REPAIReD) study examined kidney outcomes of extremely low gestational age neonates enrolled in the Preterm Epo NeuroProtection Trial (PENUT) study. Kidney function, urine albumin, and BP were measured at 2-year (24\u00b12 months) corrected gestational age. We compared outcomes across gestational age categories and evaluated associations between kidney-related outcomes and neonatal and maternal characteristics. The primary outcome was eGFR &lt;90 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (CKD); secondary outcomes were spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio \u226530 mg\/g (albuminuria) and either systolic BP or diastolic BP &gt;90th percentile for height, age, and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 832 survived to 2 years, and 565 (68%) had at least one outcome measured. Overall, 297 (53%) had one abnormal kidney outcome; 61 (18%) had an eGFR &lt;90 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 155 (36%) had albuminuria, 65 (22%) had elevated systolic BP, and 128 (44%) had elevated diastolic BP. Gestational age (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 0.99), birth weight\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.98), and prenatal steroids (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.39) were associated with an eGFR &lt;90 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . An elevated systolic BP was associated with indomethacin use (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.33) and Black race (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.39); elevated diastolic BP was associated with male sex (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.49), severe AKI (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.48), and indomethacin use (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.33).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Approximately 18% of extremely low gestational age neonates have CKD, 36% have albuminuria, 22% have an elevated systolic BP, and 44% have an elevated diastolic BP at 2 years of age. Gestational age, birthweight\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score, and prenatal steroids were associated with CKD. Male sex, Black race, indomethacin use, and severe AKI were associated with elevated BP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Podcast<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article contains a podcast at https:\/\/www.asn-online.org\/media\/podcast\/CJASN\/2022_07_19_CJN15011121.mp3<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.15011121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T14:50:13Z","timestamp":1658242213000},"page":"1129-1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors for Kidney Disease and Elevated BP in 2-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Premature"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"17","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01378273","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01378273","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Hingorani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schmicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaashif A.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, College of Medicine and Gulf Coast Neonatology, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan D.","family":"Frantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis E.","family":"Mayock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund F.","family":"La Gamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital Westchester Medical Center New York Medical College Valhalla, Valhalla, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Baserga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine Y.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. 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