{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:15:29Z","timestamp":1773447329587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"\n Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n Living kidney donor candidates accept a range of risks and benefits when they decide to proceed with nephrectomy. Informed consent around this decision assumes they receive reliable data about outcomes they regard as critical to their decision making. We identified the outcomes most important to living kidney donors and described the reasons for their choices.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, setting, participants, & measurements<\/jats:title>\n Previous donors were purposively sampled from three transplant units in Australia (Sydney and Melbourne) and Canada (Vancouver). In focus groups using the nominal group technique, participants identified outcomes of donation, ranked them in order of importance, and discussed the reasons for their preferences. An importance score was calculated for each outcome. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Across 14 groups, 123 donors aged 27\u201378 years identified 35 outcomes. Across all participants, the ten highest ranked outcomes were kidney function (importance=0.40, scale 0\u20131), time to recovery (0.27), surgical complications (0.24), effect on family (0.22), donor-recipient relationship (0.21), life satisfaction (0.18), lifestyle restrictions (0.18), kidney failure (0.14), mortality (0.13), and acute pain\/discomfort (0.12). Kidney function and kidney failure were more important to Canadian participants, compared with Australian donors. The themes identified included worthwhile sacrifice, insignificance of risks and harms, confidence and empowerment, unfulfilled expectations, and heightened susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Living kidney donors prioritized a range of outcomes, with the most important being kidney health and the surgical, lifestyle, functional, and psychosocial effects of donation. Donors also valued improvements to their family life and donor-recipient relationship. There were clear regional differences in the rankings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.13441217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]],"date-time":"2018-05-31T14:26:30Z","timestamp":1527776790000},"page":"916-926","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Identifying Outcomes that Are Important to Living Kidney Donors"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Camilla S.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Jeremy R.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kanellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Germaine","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"},{"name":"Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Teixeira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Steve J.","family":"Chadban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Node, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"},{"name":"Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Amit X.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; and"}]},{"given":"Angelique F.","family":"Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Jule","family":"Pinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health and"},{"name":"Centre for Kidney Research, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508103330601","article-title":"High survival rates of kidney transplants from spousal and living unrelated donors.","volume":"333","author":"Terasaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.12.014","article-title":"Age and the associations of living donor and expanded criteria donor kidneys with kidney transplant outcomes.","volume":"59","author":"Molnar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B4-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014030227","article-title":"Reassessing medical risk in living kidney donors.","volume":"26","author":"Gaston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B5-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62484-3","article-title":"Living kidney donation: Outcomes, ethics, and uncertainty.","volume":"385","author":"Reese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8S","key":"B6-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001769","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guideline on the evaluation and care of living kidney donors.","volume":"101","author":"Lentine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B7-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.460","article-title":"Long-term risks for kidney donors.","volume":"86","author":"Mj\u00f8en","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B8-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.285141","article-title":"Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation.","volume":"311","author":"Muzaale","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B9-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001075","article-title":"Long-term safety of living kidney donation in an emerging economy.","volume":"100","author":"Rizvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B10-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4746","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4746","article-title":"Living kidney donation.","volume":"354","author":"Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B11-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12822","article-title":"Mortality and cardiovascular disease among older live kidney donors.","volume":"14","author":"Reese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B12-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e1203","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in kidney donors: matched cohort study.","volume":"344","author":"Garg","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B13-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408932","article-title":"Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors.","volume":"372","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.11.043","article-title":"The motivations and experiences of living kidney donors: A thematic synthesis.","volume":"60","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B15-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12599","article-title":"What are the harms of refusing to allow living kidney donation? An expanded view of risks and benefits.","volume":"14","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B16-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13272","article-title":"Development of a donor\u2010centered approach to risk assessment: Rebalancing non\u2010maleficence and autonomy.","volume":"15","author":"Thiessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B17-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182328276","article-title":"Screening and follow-up of living kidney donors: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines.","volume":"92","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B18-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2004.9.3.12432","article-title":"Building consensus in health care: A guide to using the nominal group technique.","volume":"9","author":"Allen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Community Nurs"},{"key":"B19-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-3-200608010-00006","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Risk for hypertension in living kidney donors.","volume":"145","author":"Boudville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B20-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl069","article-title":"The direct and indirect economic costs incurred by living kidney donors-a systematic review.","volume":"21","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B21-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01567.x","article-title":"Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: A systematic review.","volume":"6","author":"Clemens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B22-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001819","article-title":"Proteinuria and reduced kidney function in living kidney donors: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.","volume":"70","author":"Garg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B23-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02339.x","article-title":"Health outcomes for living kidney donors with isolated medical abnormalities: A systematic review.","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B24-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.237","article-title":"Perioperative mortality and long-term survival following live kidney donation.","volume":"303","author":"Segev","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B25-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804883","article-title":"Long-term consequences of kidney donation.","volume":"360","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B26-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099111","article-title":"Choosing important health outcomes for comparative effectiveness research: A systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"Gargon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B27-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.02.339","article-title":"Important outcomes for kidney transplant recipients: A nominal group and qualitative study.","volume":"60","author":"Howell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B28-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr177","article-title":"Characteristics of dialysis important to patients and family caregivers: A mixed methods approach.","volume":"26","author":"Morton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"B31-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12299","article-title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess fear of kidney failure following living donation.","volume":"27","author":"Rodrigue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B32-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13046","article-title":"Mental health among living kidney donors: A prospective comparison with matched controls from the general population.","volume":"15","author":"Timmerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B33-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000140967.34029.F1","article-title":"Prospective psychosocial monitoring of living kidney donors using the Short Form-36 health survey: Results at 12 months.","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B34-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-013-0003-4","article-title":"Managing the psychosocial and financial consequences of living donation.","volume":"1","author":"Dew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Transplant Rep"},{"key":"B35-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13687","article-title":"Perioperative complications after living kidney donation: A National study.","volume":"16","author":"Lentine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B36-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2016-103512","article-title":"Opting out: A single-centre pilot study assessing the reasons for and the psychosocial impact of withdrawing from living kidney donor evaluation.","volume":"43","author":"Thiessen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"B38-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12390","article-title":"Impression management during evaluation and psychological reactions post-donation of living kidney donors.","volume":"28","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"B39-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.65","article-title":"Differences in tolerance for health risk to the living donor among potential donors, recipients, and transplant professionals.","volume":"73","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B40-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2009.031740","article-title":"Understanding risk in living donor nephrectomy.","volume":"36","author":"Maple","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01277230-201806000-00015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T06:17:56Z","timestamp":1691907476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01277230-201806000-00015"}},"subtitle":["A Nominal Group Technique Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.13441217","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]]}}}