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Serum cancer antigen 125 assay significantly increases the diagnostic reliability of ultrasound in discriminating a malignant from a benign ovarian mass, especially in postmenopausal women, and it is the only well validated tumor marker for monitoring disease course. Several other tumor-associated antigens have been assessed, including glycoprotein antigens other than cancer antigen 125, soluble cytokeratin fragments, kallikreins, cytokines and cytokine receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor, D-dimer, and lisophosphatidic acid. This article assesses the potential diagnostic and prognostic role of these novel biomarkers, both alone and in combination with cancer antigen 125. The future for serum tumor marker research is represented by the emerging technology of proteomics, which may allow scientific advances comparable to those achieved with the introduction of monoclonal antibody technology. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2217\/17455057.2.1.141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,18]],"date-time":"2005-12-18T14:12:54Z","timestamp":1134915174000},"page":"141-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolving Role of Serum Biomarkers in the Management of Ovarian Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Angiolo","family":"Gadducci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Cosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Zanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Riccardo","family":"Genazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Procreative Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 56, Pisa, 56127, Italy, Tel.: +39 50 992 609; Fax: +39 50 553 410;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr0101-17455057.2.1.141","unstructured":"Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest (\u2022) or of considerable interest (\u2022\u2022) to readers."},{"key":"bibr1-17455057.2.1.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800306"},{"key":"bibr2-17455057.2.1.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.53.1.5"},{"key":"bibr3-17455057.2.1.141","first-page":"107","volume":"6","author":"Heintz APM","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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A variety of conditions, both malignant and benign, have reported associations with elevated CA 125 levels, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."},{"key":"bibr13-17455057.2.1.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6884.1030"},{"key":"bibr14-17455057.2.1.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-8258(85)90015-0"},{"key":"bibr15-17455057.2.1.141","first-page":"489","volume":"10","author":"Pauler DK","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. 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