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The role of sex differences in vulnerability to drug abuse, their repercussions on prevention and treatment strategies all require detailed studies, as does the progression from recreational drug use to dependence. This review synthesizes evidence of gender differences in drug addiction, with particular emphasis on women's health and implications. We first reviewed behavioral studies showing sex differences in the preference for and self-administration of licit (i.e., alcohol and nicotine) and illicit (i.e., cocaine, amphetamine, heroin and cannabis) substances as revealed by animal models of addiction. Clinical studies demonstrating differences between men and women in craving, drug use, abstinence and relapse will then be examined. For both animal and human studies, the effects of hormones and estrous\/menstrual cycle will be reviewed. Finally, neurobiological factors underlying gender differences in vulnerability to drug addiction (i.e., brain morphology and neurotransmission) and need for gender-specific detoxification treatments will be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2217\/17455057.4.1.51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T10:45:30Z","timestamp":1238669130000},"page":"51-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Sex Differences in Drug Addiction: A Review of Animal and Human Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Liana","family":"Fattore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council and Centre of Excellence \u201cNeurobiology of Dependence\u201d, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Altea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Fratta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cagliari, Department of Neuroscience, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato-Cagliari 09042, Italy Tel: +39 070 675 4313; 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