{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:31:09Z","timestamp":1787869869703,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Womens Health (Lond Engl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaginismus is currently defined as an involuntary vaginal muscle spasm interfering with sexual intercourse that is relatively easy to diagnose and treat. As a result, there has been a lack of research interest with very few well-controlled diagnostic, etiological or treatment outcome studies. Interestingly, the few empirical studies that have been conducted on vaginismus do not support the view that it is easily diagnosed or treated and have shed little light on potential etiology. A review of the literature on the classification\/diagnosis, etiology and treatment of vaginismus will be presented with a focus on the latest empirical findings. This article suggests that vaginismus cannot be easily differentiated from dyspareunia and should be treated from a multidisciplinary point of view.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.10.46","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T10:48:11Z","timestamp":1285930091000},"page":"705-719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Vaginismus: A Review of the Literature on the Classification\/Diagnosis, Etiology and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marie-Andr\u00e9e","family":"Lahaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3A 1B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie C","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Amsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3A 1B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Khalif\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3A 1B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitzchak M","family":"Binik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3A 1B1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr0101-WHE.10.46","unstructured":"Papers of special note have been highlighted as:"},{"key":"bibr0102-WHE.10.46","unstructured":"of interest"},{"key":"bibr1-WHE.10.46","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr2-WHE.10.46","first-page":"356","volume":"3","author":"Sims MJ","year":"1861","journal-title":"Trans. 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