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While most risk factors are similar for men and women, risk factors may differ in magnitude between the sexes, and recognition of gender-specific risk factors such as gestational diabetes, hypertensive syndromes of pregnancy and polycystic ovarian syndrome provides opportunities for early intervention and prevention. Obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia affect both genders; however, women often postpone addressing these risk factors until later in life. The American Heart Association emphasizes that all women are at cardiovascular risk and should maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid smoking. Blood pressure, hyperlipidemia and diabetes should be aggressively treated. Current available data regarding proposed preventive drug therapies including daily aspirin, HRT, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid supplements will be reviewed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.11.34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T16:41:16Z","timestamp":1311698476000},"page":"433-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["How to Stay Heart Healthy in 2011: Considerations for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Melinda B","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan Health System, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2399, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire S","family":"Duvernoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan Health System, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2399, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1a-WHE.11.34","unstructured":"Papers of special note have been highlighted as:"},{"key":"bibr1b-WHE.11.34","unstructured":"of interest"},{"key":"bibr2b-WHE.11.34","unstructured":"of considerable interest"},{"key":"bibr1-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182009701"},{"key":"bibr2-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.171600"},{"key":"bibr3-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667"},{"key":"bibr4-WHE.11.34","first-page":"e21","volume":"119","author":"American Heart Association","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bibr5-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67610-6"},{"key":"bibr6-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67341-2"},{"key":"bibr7-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq030"},{"key":"bibr3b-WHE.11.34","unstructured":"Summary of the global burden of cardiovascular disease in the developing world"},{"key":"bibr8-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/1540999041280963"},{"key":"bibr9-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.04.020"},{"key":"bibr10-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.11.2745"},{"key":"bibr11-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.04.068"},{"key":"bibr12-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"bibr4b-WHE.11.34","unstructured":"Adult Treatment Panel III\/National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines on screening and treatment of hyperlipidemia"},{"key":"bibr13-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(81)90117-7"},{"key":"bibr14-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2007.03.002"},{"key":"bibr15-WHE.11.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000245446.85868.73"},{"issue":"365","key":"bibr16-WHE.11.34","first-page":"e361","volume":"4","author":"England LJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. 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