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We have found that autophagy (\u2018self-eating\u2019) is a major survival strategy used by preinvasive carcinoma and breast cancer stem-like cells. Based on this finding, we have opened a clinical trial that is exploring neoadjuvant oral chloroquine antiautophagy therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. We envision that antiautophagy therapy can be administered in combination with other treatments such as those that elevate intracellular calcium, to create a state of intolerable stress for preinvasive neoplastic cells, and thereby stop breast cancer before it starts. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.13.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,12]],"date-time":"2013-03-12T09:55:10Z","timestamp":1363082110000},"page":"157-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Attacking Breast Cancer at the Preinvasion Stage by Targeting Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Virginia","family":"Espina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, 10900 University Boulevard, MS1A9, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wysolmerski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, New Haven, CT 06520-08020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Edmiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inova Fairfax Hospital, Department of Surgery, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance A","family":"Liotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, 10900 University Boulevard, MS1A9, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"Papers of special note have been highlighted as:"},{"key":"bibr2a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"of interest."},{"key":"bibr3a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"of considerable interest."},{"key":"bibr1-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092306"},{"key":"bibr4a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"Comprehensive general review of preinvasive breast cancer pathology including an excellent discussion of genetic progression and the tumor microenvironment."},{"key":"bibr2-WHE.13.5","volume-title":"Preneoplasia of the Breast","author":"Boecker W","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr5a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"Excellent textbook of preinvasive breast cancer pathology that includes a review of breast stem cell biology and breast morphogenesis."},{"key":"bibr3-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.2001.2366"},{"key":"bibr4-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.03.007"},{"key":"bibr5-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<751::AID-CNCR2820490426>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"bibr6-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0073"},{"key":"bibr7-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280450035020"},{"key":"bibr8-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(94)03683-A"},{"key":"bibr9-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2157"},{"key":"bibr10-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20979"},{"key":"bibr11-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2950"},{"key":"bibr6a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"Initial proposal of the concept that antiautophagy therapy is a strategy for killing preinvasive breast cancer. 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First demonstration for the role of autophagy in the survival of preinvasive carcinoma."},{"key":"bibr13-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2222"},{"key":"bibr14-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0931261100"},{"key":"bibr15-WHE.13.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2154"},{"key":"bibr8a-WHE.13.5","unstructured":"Recognition that preinvasive neoplasms are an important target for therapeutic development and cancer prevention."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr16-WHE.13.5","first-page":"314","volume":"8","author":"O'Shaughnessy JA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. 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