{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T21:08:57Z","timestamp":1767474537876},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Biomedical Research Press","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.43.187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T22:10:03Z","timestamp":1670969403000},"page":"187-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Anatomical background of the sensory function in the urethra: involvement of endocrine paraneurons and afferent nerves in divergent urogenital functions. A review"],"prefix":"10.2220","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"IWANAGA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"TAKAHASHI-IWANAGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1059","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahamsson P-A and Lilja H (1989) Partial characterization of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-like peptide in neuroendocrine cells of the human prostate gland. <i>Prostate<\/i> <b>14<\/b>, 71\u201381.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990140109"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahamsson P-A, Wadstr\u00f6m LB, Alumets J, Falkmer S and Grimelius L (1986) Peptide-hormone- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. <i>Pathol Res Pract<\/i> <b>181<\/b>, 675\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(86)80043-7"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahamsson P-A, Wadstr\u00f6m LB, Alumets J, Falkmer S and Grimelius L (1987) Peptide-hormone- and serotonin-immunoreactive tumour cells, in carcinoma of the prostate. <i>Pathol Res Pract <b>182<\/b>, <\/i>298-307.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(87)80065-1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta S, Dizeyi N, Pierzynowski S, Alm P and Abrahamsson PA (2001) Neuroendocrine cells and nerves in the prostate of guinea pig: effects of peripheral denervation and castration. <i>Prostate<\/i> <b>46<\/b>, 191-199.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0045(20010215)46:3<191::AID-PROS1023>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcaino C, Knutson KR, Treichel AJ, Yildiz G, Strege PR, <i>et al.<\/i> (2018) A populationof gut epithelial enterochromaffin cells in mechanosensitive and requires Piezo2 to convert force into serotonin release. <i>Proc Natle Acad Sci USA<\/i> <b>115<\/b>, E7632\u2013E7641.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804938115"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"Arrighi S and Domeneghini C (1998) Immunolocalization of regulatory peptides and 5-HT in bovine male urogenital apparatus. <i>Histol Histopathol<\/i> <b>13<\/b>, 1049-1059."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aum\u00fcller G, Leonhardt M, Janssen M, Konrad L, Bjartell A, <i>et al.<\/i> (1999) Neurogenic origin of human prostate endocrine cells. <i>Urology<\/i> <b>53<\/b>, 1041\u20131048.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)00631-1"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aum\u00fcller G, Doll A, Wennemuth G, Dizeyi N, Abrahamsson P-A, <i>et al.<\/i> (2012) Regional distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the urogenital duct system of the male rat. <i>Prostate <b>72<\/b>, 326-337.<\/i>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21437"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzopardi JG and Evans DJ (1971) Argentaffin cells in prostatic carcinoma: differentiation from lipofuscin and melanin in prostatic epithelium. <i>J Pathol<\/i> <b>104<\/b>, 247\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711040406"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker N (2014) Adult intestinal stem cells: critical drivers of epithelial homeostasis and regeneration. <i>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol<\/i> <b>15<\/b>, 19\u201333.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3721"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry CM, Ji E, Sharma H, Yap P, Spencer NJ, <i>et al.<\/i> (2018) Peptidergic nerve fibers in the urethra: Morphological and neurochemical characteristics in female mice of reproductive age. <i>Neurourol Urodyn<\/i> <b>37<\/b>, 960-970.","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23434"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellono NW, Bayrer JR, Leitch DB, Castro J, Zhang C, <i>et al.<\/i> (2017) Enterochromaffin cells are gut chemosensors that couple to sensory neural pathways. <i>Cell<\/i> <b>170<\/b>, 185-198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.034"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonkhoff H and Remberger K (1996) Differentiation pathways and histogenetic aspects of normal and abnormal prostatic growth: A stem cell model. <i>Prostate<\/i> <b>28<\/b>, 98\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(199602)28:2<98::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruns TM, Bhadra N and Gustafson KJ (2009) Bursting stimulation of proximal urethral afferents improves bladder pressures and voiding. <i>J Neural Eng<\/i> <b>6<\/b>, 066006.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/6\/066006"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fclbring E and Lin RC (1958) The effect of intraluminal application of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on peristalsis; the local production of 5-HT and its release in relation to intraluminal pressure and propulsive activity. <i>J Physiol<\/i> <b>140<\/b>, 381\u2013407.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1958.sp005940"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fclbring E and Crema A (1959) The release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in relation to pressure exerted on the intestinal mucosa. <i>J Physiol<\/i> <b>146<\/b>, 18\u201328.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006175"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bump RC (2000) The urethrodetrusor facilitative reflex in women: Results of urethral perfusion studies. <i>Am J Obstet Gyne col<\/i> <b>182<\/b>, 794\u2013804.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70328-0"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canning BJ and Spina D (2009) Sensory nerves and airway irritability. <i>Handb Exp Pharmacol<\/i> <b>194<\/b>, 139\u2013183.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79090-7_5"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao N, Huang J, Ni J, Si J, Gu B, <i>et al.<\/i> (2019) Streptozotocin-induced diabetes causes upregulation of serotonin (5-HT) <sub>2A\/C<\/sub> receptors in lumbosacral cord motoneurons and down regulation of serotonergic paraneurons in the urethra. <i>Brain Res<\/i> <b>1715<\/b>, 21\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.03.009"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung SK, McVary KT and McKenna KE (1988) Sexual reflexes in male and female rats. <i>Neurosi Lett<\/i> <b>94<\/b>, 343\u2013348.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90042-0"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho A, Oliveira R, Caveleiro H, Duarte Cruz C and Cruz F (2018) Evidence for an urethra-vesical crosstalk mediated by serotonin. <i>Neurourol Urodyn<\/i> <b>37<\/b>, 2389\u20132397.","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23590"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho A, Charrua A, Oliveira R, Cavaleiro H, Cruz CD, <i>et al.<\/i> (2019) Underactive bladder in aging rats is associated with a reduced number of serotonin-expressing cells in the urethra and is improved by serotonin application to the urethra. <i>Low Urin Tract Symptoms<\/i> <b>11<\/b>, 248\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12273"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini F, Zattoni M, Barbagli G, Bianchi G, Giovanardi M, <i>et al.<\/i> (2016) Comparative assessment of cultures from oral and urethral stem cells for urethral regeneration. <i>Curr Stem Cell Res Ther<\/i> <b>11<\/b>, 643\u2013651.","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X10666150902094644"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cockett AT, Di Sant\u2019Agnese PA, Gopinath P, Schoen SR and Abrahamsson P-A (1993) Relationship of neuroendocrine cells of prostate and serotonin to benign prostatic hyperplasia. <i>Urology<\/i> <b>42<\/b>, 512\u2013519.","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90260-H"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czaja K, Sienkiewicz W, Vittoria A, Costagliola A and Cecio A (1996) Neuroendocrine cells in the female urogenital tract of the pig, and their immunohistochemical characterzization. <i>Acta Anat<\/i> <b>157<\/b>, 11-19.","DOI":"10.1159\/000147862"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalghi MG, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Al-bataineh MM, Satlin LM,<i> et al.<\/i> (2019) Expression and distribution of PIEZO1 in the mouse urinary tract. <i>Am J Physiol (Renal Physiol)<\/i> <b>317<\/b>, F303\u2013F321.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00214.2019"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Groat W, Griffiths D and Yoshimura N (2015) Neural control of the lower urinary tract. <i>Compr Physiol<\/i> <b>5<\/b>, 327\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130056"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deckmann K, Filipski K, Krasteva-Christ G, Fronius M, Althaus M, <i>et al.<\/i> (2014) Bitter triggers acetylcholine release from of the lower urinary tract. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA<\/i> <b>111<\/b>, 8287\u20138292.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402436111"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deckmann K and Kummer W (2016) Chemosensory epithelial cells in the urethra: sentinels of the urinary tract. <i>Histochem Cell Biol<\/i> <b>146<\/b>, 673\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-016-1504-x"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sant\u2019Agnese PA and de Mesy Jensen KL (1984) Endocrine-paracrine cells of the prostate and prostatic urethra: an ultrastructural study. <i>Hum Pathol<\/i> <b>15<\/b>, 1034\u20131041.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80246-4"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"Di Sant\u2019Agnese PA, de Mesy Jensen KL, Churukian CJ and Agarwal MM (1985) Human prostatic endocrine-paracrine (APUD) cells. <i>Arch Pathol Lab Med<\/i> <b>109<\/b>, 607\u2013612."},{"key":"32","unstructured":"Di Sant\u2019Agnese PA (1986) Calcitoninlike immunoreactive and bembesinlike immunoreatcive endocrine-paracrine cells of the human prostate. <i>Arch Pathol Lab Med<\/i> <b>110<\/b>, 412-415."},{"key":"33","unstructured":"Di Sant\u2019Agnese PA, Davis NS, Chen M and de Mesy Jensen KL (1987) Age-related changes in the neuroendocrine (endocrine-paracrine) cell population and the serotonin content of the guinea pig prostate. <i>Lab Invest<\/i> <b>57<\/b>, 729\u2013736."},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon JS, Gosling JA and Ramsdale DR (1973) Urethral chro maffin cells. A light and electron microscopic study. <i>Z Zellforsch<\/i> <b>138<\/b>, 397\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307101"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dizeyi N, Hedlund P, Bjartell A, Tinzl M and Austild-Task\u00e9n K (2011) Serotonin activates MAP kinase and PI3K\/Akt signaling pathways in prostate cancer cell lines. <i>Urol Oncol<\/i> <b>29<\/b>, 436\u2013445.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2009.09.013"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan WJ, Chen SC, Hsieh TH, Lai CH, Lin YS, <i>et al.<\/i> (2014) Influence of serotonergic mechanisms on the urine flow rate in male rats. <i>Am J Regul Integr Comp Physiol<\/i> <b>307<\/b>, R1239\u2013 R1250.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00160.2014"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feber JL, van Asselt E and van Mastrigt R (1998) Neurophysiological modeling of voiding in rats: urethral nerve response to urethral pressure and flow. <i>Am J Physiol<\/i> <b>274<\/b>, R1473\u2013 R1481.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.274.5.R1473"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetissof F, Dubois MP, Arbeille-Brassart B, Lanson Y, Boivin F, <i>et al.<\/i> (1983) Endocrine cells in the prostate gland, urothelium and Brenner tumors. <i>Vichows Archiv [Cell Pathol]<\/i> <b>42<\/b>, 53\u201364.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02890370"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetissof F, Berger G, Dubois MP, Arbeille-Brassart B, Lansac J, <i>et al.<\/i> (1985) Endocrine cells in the female genital tract. <i>Histopathology<\/i> <b>9<\/b>, 133\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1985.tb02430.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetissof F, Bertrand G, Guilloteau D, Dubois MP, Lanson Y, <i>et al.<\/i> (1986) Calcitonin immunoreactive cells in prostate gland and cloacal derived tissues. <i>Virchow Arch [Pathol Anat]<\/i> <b>409<\/b>, 523-533.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705422"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"Fetissof F, Arbeille B, Guilloteau D and Lanson Y (1987) Glycoprotein hormone \u03b1-chain-immunoreactive endocrine cells in prostate and cloacal-derived tissues. <i>Arch Pathol Lab Med <\/i><b>111<\/b>, 836-840."},{"key":"42","unstructured":"Feyrter F (1951) \u00dcber das urogenitale Hell-Zellen System des Menschen. <i>Z Microsk Anat Forsch<\/i> <b>57<\/b>, 324\u2013344."},{"key":"43","unstructured":"Feyrter F (1953) \u00dcber die peripherin endokrinen (parakrinen) Dr\u00fcsen des Menschen. 2 nd ed. Wilhelm Maudrich, Wien, D\u00fcsseldorf."},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fcsseldorf. Forsberg J-G, Rosengren E and Sj\u00f6berg N-O (1964) On the occurrence of 5-hydoxytryptamine containing cells in the vaginal and vestibular epithelium of the rabbit. <i>Z Zellforsch<\/i> <b>63<\/b>, 302\u2013308.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339452"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster BA, Evangelou A, Gingrich JR, Kaplan PJ, DeMayo F, <i>et al.<\/i> (2002) Enforced expression of FGF-7 promotes epithelial hyperplasia whereas a dominant negative FGFR2iiib promotes the emergence of neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate glands of transgenic mice. <i>Differentiation<\/i> <b>70<\/b>, 624\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2002.700915.x"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"Fujita T and Kobayashi S (1973) The cells and hormones of the GEP endocrine system\u2014the current of studies. In: <i>Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Endocrine System<\/i>: <i>A Cell-biological Approach<\/i>. (Fujita T, ed) pp1\u201316, Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo."},{"key":"47","unstructured":"Fujita T (1976) The gastro-enteric endocrine cell and its paraneuronic nature. In: <i>Chromaffin, Enterochromaffin and Related cells.<\/i> (Fujita T, Coupland RE, eds) pp191\u2013208, Elsevier, Amsterdam."},{"key":"48","unstructured":"Fujita T, Matsunari Y, Muraki, Sato K and Shimoji K (1979) Effect of intraluminally administrated lidocaine upon the pancreozymin-producing endocrine cells of the canine duodenum. In: <i>Integrative Control Functions of the Brain<\/i>, Vol.1 (Ito M, ed) pp296\u2013297, Kodansha Scientific, Tokyo."},{"key":"49","unstructured":"Fujita T (1979) Paraneurons, its current implications. In: <i>Paraneurons, Their Features and Functions<\/i> (Fujita T, ed) pp3\u20139, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita T, Kanno T and Kobayashi S (1988) <i>The Paraneuron.<\/i> Springer-Verlag, Tokyo.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-68066-6"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukaya Y (1988) Studies on urethrodetrusor facilitative reflex. Characteristics of bladder response and neuroreceptor mechanism. <i>Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi<\/i> <b>79<\/b>, 765\u2013771. (Japanese with English Abstract)","DOI":"10.5980\/jpnjurol1928.79.5_765"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Games R and Saria A (1985) Potentiation of tachykinin-induced plasma protein extravasation by calcitonin gene-related peptide. <i>Eur J Pharmacol<\/i> <b>114<\/b>, 61\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90520-5"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamse R, Holzer P and Lembeck F (1980) Decrease of substance P in primary afferent neurons and impairment of neurogenic plasma extravasation by capsaicin. <i>Brit J Pharmacol<\/i> <b>68<\/b>, 207\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1980.tb10409.x"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales G, Mendoza L, Ruiz J and Torrej\u00f3n J (1982) A demon stration that 5-hydroxytryptamine administrated peripherally can affect sexual behavior in male rats. <i>Life Sci<\/i> <b>31<\/b>, 2775-2781.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90724-X"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini F, Zattonin M, Barbagli G, Bianchi G, Giovanardi M, <i>et al.<\/i> (2016) Comparative assessment of cultures from oral and urethral stem cells for urethral regeneration. <i>Curr Stem Cell Res Ther<\/i> <b>11<\/b>, 643\u2013651.","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X10666150902094644"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillman N and Gillman M (2019) Premature ejaculation: Aetiology and treatment strategies. <i>Med Sci (Basel)<\/i> <b>7<\/b>, 102.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci7110102"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratzke C, Streng T, Waldkirch E, Sigl K, Stief C, <i>et al.<\/i> (2009) Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) activity in the human urethra\u2014Evidence for a functional role for TRPA1 in the outflow region. <i>Eur Urol<\/i> <b>55<\/b>, 696\u2013704.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.04.042"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafson KJ, Creasey GH and Grill WM (2003) A catheter based method to activate urethral sensory nerve fibers. <i>J Urol<\/i> <b>170<\/b>, 126\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000070821.87785.14"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gustafson KJ, Creasey GH and Grill WM (2004) A urethral afferent mediated excitatory bladder reflex exists in humans. <i>Neurosci Lett<\/i> <b>360<\/b>, 9\u201312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.01.001"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e5kanson R, Larsson L-I, Sj\u00f6berg N-O and Sundler F (1974) Amine-producing endocrine-like cells in the epithelium of urethra and prostate of the guinea-pig. A chemical, fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic study. <i>Histochemistry <b>38<\/b>, <\/i>259-270.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00493124"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanyu S, Iwanaga T, Kano K and Fujita T (1987) Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive paraneurons in the lower urinary tract of dogs. <i>Am J Anat<\/i> <b>180<\/b>, 349\u2013356.","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001800405"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper ME, Glynne-Jones E, Goddard L, Thurston VJ and Griffiths K (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in prostatic tumours and its relationship to neuroendocrine cells. <i>Br J Cancer<\/i> <b>74<\/b>, 910\u2013916.","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.456"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto Y, Ushiki T, Uchida T, Yamada J and Iwanaga T (1999) Scanning electron microscopic observation of apical sites of open-type paraneurons in the stomach, intestine and urethra. <i>Arch Histol Cytol<\/i> <b>62<\/b>, 181\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.62.181"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishigami T, Yoshioka K, Karicheti V and Marson L (2013) A role for peripheral 5-HT<sub>2<\/sub> receptors in serotonin-induced facilitation of the expulsion phase of ejaculation in male rats. <i>J Sex Med<\/i> <b>10<\/b>, 2688\u20132702.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12306"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwamura M, Wu G, Abrahamsson PA, di Sant\u2019Agnese PA, Cockett AT, <i>et al.<\/i> (1994a) Parathyroid hormone-related protein is expressed by prostatic neuroendocrine cells. <i>Urology<\/i> <b>43<\/b>, 667\u2013 674.","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(94)90182-1"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwamura M, di Sant\u2019Agnese PA, Wu G, Benning CM, Cockett AT, <i>et al.<\/i> (1994b) Over-expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2 by neuroendocrine cells in normal prostatic tissue. <i>Urology<\/i> <b>43<\/b>, 838\u2013843.","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(94)90146-5"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanaga T, Fujita T and Yanaihara N (1985) Nerve fibers in the urethral mucosa of canine penis are immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. <i>Arch Histol Jpn<\/i> <b>48<\/b>, 547\u2013554.","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.48.547"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanaga T, Hanyu S and Fujita T (1987) Serotonin-immunoreactive cells of peculiar shape in the urethral epithelium of the human penis. <i>Cell Tissue Res<\/i> <b>249<\/b>, 51\u201356.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215417"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanaga T, Han H, Hoshi O, Kanazawa H, Adachi I, <i>et al.<\/i> (1994) Topographical relation between serotonin-containing paraneurons and peptidergic neurons in the intestine and urethra. <i>Biol Signals<\/i> <b>3<\/b>, 259-270.","DOI":"10.1159\/000109553"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanaga T and Takahashi-Iwanaga H (2022) Disposal of intestinal apoptotic epithelial cells and their fate via divergent routes. <i>Biomed Res (Tokyo)<\/i> <b>43<\/b>, 59\u201372.","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.43.59"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung SY, Fraser MO, Ozawa H, Yokoyama O, Yoshiyama M, <i>et al.<\/i> (1999) Urethral afferent nerve activity affects the micturition reflex; implication for the relationship between stress incontinence and detrusor instability. <i>J Urol<\/i> <b>162<\/b>, 204\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199907000-00069"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SW and Paick J-S (2004) Peripheral effects of serotonin on the contractile responses of rat seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia. <i>J Androl<\/i> <b>25<\/b>, 893\u2013899.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb03159.x"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klarskov P and H\u00f8rby-Petersen J (1986) Influence of serotonin on lower urinary tract smooth muscle in vitro. <i>Br J Urol<\/i> <b>58<\/b>, 507\u2013513.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1986.tb05456.x"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo B-K and Clevers H (2014) Stem cells marked by the R-spondin receptor LGR5. <i>Gastroenterology<\/i> <b>147<\/b>, 289\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.05.007"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kullmann FA, Chang HH, Gauthier C, McDonnell BM, Yeh J-C, <i>et al.<\/i> (2018) Serotonergic paraneurones in the female mouse urethral epithelium and their potential role in peripheral sensory information processing. <i>Acta Physiol (Oxf)<\/i> <b>222<\/b>, 10.1111\/apha.12919.","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12919"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyoda Y, Ichihara K, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K, Fukuta F, <i>et al.<\/i> (2017) Distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the transional zone of the prostate. <i>Adv Urol<\/i> <b>2017<\/b>, 8541697.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8541697"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lendon RG, Dixon JS and Gosling JA (1976) The distribution of endocrine-like cells in the human male and female urethral epithelium. <i>Experientia<\/i> <b>32<\/b>, 377\u2013378.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01940849"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loyd DR, Henry MA and Hargreaves KM (2013) Serotonergic neuromodulation of peripheral nociceptors. <i>Semin Cell Dev Biol <b>24<\/b><\/i>, 51-57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2012.09.002"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggi CA and Meli A (1988) The sensory-efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. <i>Gen Pharmacol<\/i> <b>19<\/b>, 1\u201343.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(88)90002-X"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna KE, Knight KC and Mayers R (1991) Modulation by peripheral serotonin of the threshold for sexual reflexes in female rats. <i>Pharmacol Biochem Behav<\/i> <b>40<\/b>, 151\u2013156.","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90336-Z"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori L (1955) Histology and innervation of prostata and pars pelvina urethrae in cat. <i>Arch Histol Jpn<\/i> <b>8<\/b>, 227\u2013241.","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc1950.8.227"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neya T, Mizutani M and Yamasato T (1993) Role of 5-HT3 receptors in peristaltic reflex elicited by stroking the mucosa in the canine jejunum. <i>J Physiol<\/i> <b>471<\/b>, 159\u2013173.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019895"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishio M (1960) On the sensory nerve supply of the urethra and the penis in dog. <i>Arch Histol Jpn<\/i> <b>20<\/b>, 35\u201356.","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc1950.20.35"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordling L, Liedberg H, Ekman P and Lundeberg T (1990) Influence of the nervous system on experimentally induced urethral inflammation. <i>Neurosci Lett<\/i> <b>115<\/b>, 183\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90452-F"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nozawa K, Kawabata-Shoda E, Doihara H, Kojima R, Okada H, <i>et al.<\/i> (2009) TRPA1 regulates gastrointestinal motility through serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA<\/i> <b>106<\/b>, 3408\u20133413.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805323106"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owman C, Owman T and Sj\u00f6berg N-O (1971) Short adrenergic neurons innervating the female urethra of the cat. <i>Experientia<\/i> <b>27<\/b>, 313\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02138167"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavone LM, Tafuri S, Lo Muto R, Spina A, Lychkova AE, <i>et al.<\/i> (2009) Expression of the serotonin transporter SERT in the genital tract of cattle. <i>Regul Pept<\/i> <b>154<\/b>, 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.01.003"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretl (1944) Zur Frage der Endokrinie der menschlichen Vorste herdr\u00fcse. <i>Virchows Arch B<\/i> <b>312<\/b>, 392\u2013404.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02655955"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsdale DR (1974) Further observations on urethral chromaffin cells. An Electron microscopic study. <i>Cell Tissue Res<\/i> <b>148<\/b>, 499\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221934"},{"key":"90","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez R, Vittoria A, La Mura E and Cecio A (1990) Serotonin-, somatostatin- and chromogranin A-containing cells of the urethra-prostatic complex in the sheep. An immunocytochemical and immunofluorescent study. <i>J Anat<\/i> <b>171<\/b>, 169\u2013178."},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez R, Pozuelo JM, Mart\u00edn R, Henriques-Gil N, Haro M, <i>et al.<\/i> (2003) Presence of neuroendocrine cells during postnatal development in rat prostate: immunohistochemical, molecular, and quantitative study. <i>Prostate<\/i> <b>57<\/b>, 176\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10287"},{"key":"92","unstructured":"Santamar\u00eda L, Ingelmo I, Alonso L, Pozuelo JM and Rodr\u00edguez R (2007) Neuroendocrine cells and peptidergic innervation in human and rat prostate. <i>Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol<\/i> <b>194<\/b>, 1-77."},{"key":"93","unstructured":"Seto H (1939) \u00dcber die intraepithelialen Nerven beim Menschen. I. Die affrenten Nervenendapparate in dem Urethraepithel sowie in der Glans penis resp. clitoridis und dem Praeputium gemeinsamen Epithelplatte. <i>Arb Anat Inst Sendai<\/i> <b>22<\/b>, 1\u201325."},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafik A, Shafik AA, El-Sibai O and Ahmed I (2003) Role of positive urethrovesical feedback in vesical evaluation. The concept of a second micturition reflex: the urethrovesical reflex. <i>World J Urol<\/i> <b>21<\/b>, 167-170.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0340-5"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stj\u00e4rne L, Msghina M and Stj\u00e4rne E (1990) Upstream regulation of the release probability in sympathetic nerve varicosities. <i>Neuroscience<\/i> <b>36<\/b>, 571\u2013587.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90001-K"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamaki M, Iwanaga T, Takeda M, Adachi I, Sato S, <i>et al.<\/i> (1992) Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunorteactive nerve terminals in the whole mount preparations of the dog urethra. <i>Arch Histol Cytol<\/i> <b>55<\/b>, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.55.1"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todd JK (1964) Afferent impulses in the pudendal nerves of the cat. <i>Q J Exper Physiol Cogn Med Sci<\/i> <b>49<\/b>, 258\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1964.sp001730"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu H, Cao N, Gu B, Si J, Chen Z, <i>et al.<\/i> (2015) Serotonin (5-HT)<sub>2A\/2C<\/sub> receptor agonist (2,5-dimethoxy-4-idophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI) improves voiding efficiency in the diabetic rat. <i>BJU Int<\/i> <b>116<\/b>, 147\u2013155.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12684"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uemura K, Hiroshige T, Ueda K, Ohta K, Hayashi T, <i>et al.<\/i> (2021) Distribution, shape, and immunohistochemical characteristics of serotonin-immunoreactive neuroendocrine cells in the urethra and periurethral genital organs in mice.<i> J Mol Histol<\/i> <b>52<\/b>, 1205\u20131214.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-021-10020-2"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uphouse L (2014) Pharmacology of serotonin and female sexual behavior. <i>Pharmacol Biochem Behav<\/i> <b>121<\/b>, 31\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.11.008"},{"key":"101","unstructured":"Vittoria A, La Mura E, Cocca T and Cecio A (1990) Serotonin-, somatostatin- and chromogranin A-containing cells of the urethro-prostatic complex in the sheep. An immunocytochemical and immunofluorescent study. <i>J Anat<\/i> <b>171<\/b>, 169\u2013178."},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vittoria A, Cocca T, La Mura E and Cecio A (1992) Immunocytochemistry of paraneurons in the female urethra of the horse, cattle, sheep, and pig. <i>Anat Rec<\/i> <b>233<\/b>, 18-24.","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092330104"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoyama T, Saino T, Nakamura N and Yamamoto Y (2017) Topographic distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive urethral endocrine cells and their relationship with calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in male rat. <i>Acta Histochem<\/i> <b>119<\/b>, 78\u201383.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2016.11.011"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/biomedres\/43\/6\/43_187\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T22:37:51Z","timestamp":1701556671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/biomedres\/43\/6\/43_187\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2220\/biomedres.43.187","relation":{},"ISSN":["0388-6107","1880-313X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0388-6107","type":"print"},{"value":"1880-313X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}