{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:01:53Z","timestamp":1776481313681,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the START project from the Austrian Science Fund","award":["Y879-N27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y879-N27"]}]},{"name":"the project P from the Austrian Science Fund","award":["31339-N27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31339-N27"]}]},{"name":"Zukunftskolleg from the Austrian Science Fund","award":["ZK03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK03"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships","award":["JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships"]}]},{"name":"JST, PRESTO","award":["JPMJPR201A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPR201A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["quantum-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entanglement shared among multiple parties presents complex challenges for the characterisation of different types of entanglement. One of the most fundamental insights is the fact that some mixed states can feature entanglement across every possible cut of a multipartite system yet can be produced via a mixture of states separable with respect to different partitions. To distinguish states that genuinely cannot be produced from mixing such partition-separable states, the term <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\"><mml:mtext class=\"MJX-tex-mathit\" mathvariant=\"italic\">genuine multipartite entanglement<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math> was coined. All these considerations originate in a paradigm where only a single copy of the state is distributed and locally acted upon. In contrast, advances in quantum technologies prompt the question of how this picture changes when multiple copies of the same state become locally accessible. Here we show that multiple copies unlock genuine multipartite entanglement from partially separable states, i.e., mixtures of the partition-separable states, even from undistillable ensembles, and even more than two copies can be required to observe this effect. With these findings, we characterise the notion of genuine multipartite entanglement in the paradigm of multiple copies and conjecture a strict hierarchy of activatable states and an asymptotic collapse of the hierarchy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2022-04-25-695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T11:07:35Z","timestamp":1650884855000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Activation of genuine multipartite entanglement: Beyond the single-copy paradigm of entanglement characterisation"],"prefix":"10.22331","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hayata","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information \u2014 IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Atominstitut, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information \u2014 IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Atominstitut, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Miethlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information \u2014 IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bavaresco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information \u2014 IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Atominstitut, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Nicolai","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information \u2014 IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Atominstitut, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atominstitut, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information \u2014 IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"9598","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn, Quantum technology: the second quantum revolution, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 361, 1655 (2003), arXiv:quant-ph\/0206091.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2003.1227"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael Epping, Hermann Kampermann, Chiara Macchiavello, and Dagmar Bru\u00df, Multi-partite entanglement can speed up quantum key distribution in networks, New J. Phys. 19, 093012 (2017), arXiv:1612.05585.","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aa8487"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matej Pivoluska, Marcus Huber, and Mehul Malik, Layered quantum key distribution, Phys. Rev. A 97, 032312 (2018), arXiv:1709.00377.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.97.032312"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my Ribeiro, Gl\u00e1ucia Murta, and Stephanie Wehner, Fully device-independent conference key agreement, Phys. Rev. A 97, 022307 (2018), arXiv:1708.00798.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.97.022307"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefan B\u00e4uml and Koji Azuma, Fundamental limitation on quantum broadcast networks, Quantum Sci. Technol. 2, 024004 (2017), arXiv:1609.03994.","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aa6d3c"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00e9za T\u00f3th, Multipartite entanglement and high-precision metrology, Phys. Rev. A 85, 022322 (2012), arXiv:1006.4368.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.022322"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrew J. Scott, Multipartite entanglement, quantum-error-correcting codes, and entangling power of quantum evolutions, Phys. Rev. A 69, 052330 (2004), arXiv:quant-ph\/0310137.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.69.052330"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dagmar Bru\u00df and Chiara Macchiavello, Multipartite entanglement in quantum algorithms, Phys. Rev. A 83, 052313 (2011), arXiv:1007.4179.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.052313"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert Raussendorf and Hans J. Briegel, A One-Way Quantum Computer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5188 (2001), arXiv:quant-ph\/0010033.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.5188"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hans J. Briegel and Robert Raussendorf, Persistent Entanglement in Arrays of Interacting Particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 910 (2001), arXiv:quant-ph\/0004051.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.910"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leonid Gurvits, Classical complexity and quantum entanglement, J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 69, 448 (2004), Special Issue on STOC 2003, arXiv:quant-ph\/0303055.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2004.06.003"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Verstraete, J. Dehaene, B. De Moor, and H. Verschelde, Four qubits can be entangled in nine different ways, Phys. Rev. A 65, 052112 (2002), arXiv:quant-ph\/0109033.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.052112"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andreas Osterloh and Jens Siewert, Constructing $n$-qubit entanglement monotones from antilinear operators, Phys. Rev. A 72, 012337 (2005), arXiv:quant-ph\/0410102.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.72.012337"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Julio I. de Vicente, Cornelia Spee, and Barbara Kraus, Maximally Entangled Set of Multipartite Quantum States, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 110502 (2013), arXiv:1305.7398.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.110502"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katharina Schwaiger, David Sauerwein, Mart\u00ed Cuquet, Julio I. de Vicente, and Barbara Kraus, Operational Multipartite Entanglement Measures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 150502 (2015), arXiv:1503.00615.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.150502"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Julio I. de Vicente, Cornelia Spee, David Sauerwein, and Barbara Kraus, Entanglement manipulation of multipartite pure states with finite rounds of classical communication, Phys. Rev. A 95, 012323 (2017), arXiv:1607.05145.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.95.012323"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Spee, J. I. de Vicente, D. Sauerwein, and B. Kraus, Entangled Pure State Transformations via Local Operations Assisted by Finitely Many Rounds of Classical Communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 040503 (2017), arXiv:1606.04418.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.040503"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Sauerwein, Nolan R. Wallach, Gilad Gour, and Barbara Kraus, Transformations among Pure Multipartite Entangled States via Local Operations are Almost Never Possible, Phys. Rev. X 8, 031020 (2018), arXiv:1711.11056.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.031020"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00e9za T\u00f3th and Otfried G\u00fchne, Entanglement detection in the stabilizer formalism, Phys. Rev. A 72, 022340 (2005), arXiv:quant-ph\/0501020.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.72.022340"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicolai Friis, Giuseppe Vitagliano, Mehul Malik, and Marcus Huber, Entanglement Certification From Theory to Experiment, Nat. Rev. Phys. 1, 72 (2019), arXiv:1906.10929.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-018-0003-5"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicolai Friis, Oliver Marty, Christine Maier, Cornelius Hempel, Milan Holz\u00e4pfel, Petar Jurcevic, Martin B. Plenio, Marcus Huber, Christian Roos, Rainer Blatt, and Ben Lanyon, Observation of Entangled States of a Fully Controlled 20-Qubit System, Phys. Rev. X 8, 021012 (2018), arXiv:1711.11092.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.021012"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Micha\u0142 Horodecki, Pawe\u0142 Horodecki, and Ryszard Horodecki, Separability of mixed states: necessary and sufficient conditions, Phys. Lett. A 223, 25 (1996), arXiv:quant-ph\/9605038.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9601(96)00706-2"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asher Peres, Separability Criterion for Density Matrices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1413 (1996), arXiv:quant-ph\/9604005.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.1413"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcus Huber and Ritabrata Sengupta, Witnessing Genuine Multipartite Entanglement with Positive Maps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 100501 (2014), arXiv:1404.7449.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.100501"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabien Clivaz, Marcus Huber, Ludovico Lami, and Gl\u00e1ucia Murta, Genuine-multipartite entanglement criteria based on positive maps, J. Math. Phys. 58, 082201 (2017), arXiv:1609.08126.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4998433"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrea Rodriguez-Blanco, Alejandro Bermudez, Markus M\u00fcller, and Farid Shahandeh, Efficient and Robust Certification of Genuine Multipartite Entanglement in Noisy Quantum Error Correction Circuits, PRX Quantum 2, 020304 (2021), arXiv:2010.02941.","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXQuantum.2.020304"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siddarth Koduru Joshi, Djeylan Aktas, S\u00f6ren Wengerowsky, Martin Lon\u010dari\u0107, Sebastian Philipp Neumann, Bo Liu, Thomas Scheidl, Guillermo Curr\u00e1s Lorenzo, \u017deljko Samec, Laurent Kling, Alex Qiu, Mohsen Razavi, Mario Stip\u010devi\u0107, John G. Rarity, and Rupert Ursin, A trusted node\u2013free eight-user metropolitan quantum communication network, Sci. Adv. 6 (2020), arXiv:1907.08229.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba0959"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00f6ren Wengerowsky, Siddarth Koduru Joshi, Fabian Steinlechner, Hannes H\u00fcbel, and Rupert Ursin, An entanglement-based wavelength-multiplexed quantum communication network, Nature 564, 225 (2018), arXiv:1801.06194.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0766-y"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sebastian Ecker, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bouchard, Lukas Bulla, Florian Brandt, Oskar Kohout, Fabian Steinlechner, Robert Fickler, Mehul Malik, Yelena Guryanova, Rupert Ursin, and Marcus Huber, Overcoming Noise in Entanglement Distribution, Phys. Rev. X 9, 041042 (2019), arXiv:1904.01552.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.9.041042"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao-Min Hu, Wen-Bo Xing, Bi-Heng Liu, Yun-Feng Huang, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo, Paul Erker, and Marcus Huber, Efficient generation of high-dimensional entanglement through multipath down-conversion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 090503 (2020), arXiv:2004.09964.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.090503"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayata Yamasaki, Alexander Pirker, Mio Murao, Wolfgang D\u00fcr, and Barbara Kraus, Multipartite entanglement outperforming bipartite entanglement under limited quantum system sizes, Phys. Rev. A 98, 052313 (2018), arXiv:1808.00005.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.052313"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miguel Navascues, Elie Wolfe, Denis Rosset, and Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, Genuine Network Multipartite Entanglement, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 240505 (2020), arXiv:2002.02773.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.240505"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tristan Kraft, S\u00e9bastien Designolle, Christina Ritz, Nicolas Brunner, Otfried G\u00fchne, and Marcus Huber, Quantum entanglement in the triangle network, Phys. Rev. A 103, L060401 (2021), arXiv:2002.03970.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.L060401"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gl\u00e1ucia Murta, Federico Grasselli, Hermann Kampermann, and Dagmar Bru\u00df, Quantum conference key agreement: A review, Adv. Quantum Technol. 3, 2000025 (2020), arXiv:2003.10186.","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202000025"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcus Huber and Martin Plesch, Purification of genuine multipartite entanglement, Phys. Rev. A 83, 062321 (2011), arXiv:1103.4294.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.062321"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otfried G\u00fchne and G\u00e9za T\u00f3th, Entanglement detection, Phys. Rep. 474, 1 (2009), arXiv:0811.2803.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.02.004"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szil\u00e1rd Szalay, $k$-stretchability of entanglement, and the duality of $k$-separability and $k$-producibility, Quantum 3, 204 (2019), arXiv:1906.10798.","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2019-12-02-204"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seyed Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani, Marcus Huber, Curtis J. Broadbent, and Joseph H. Eberly, Genuinely multipartite concurrence of $N$-qubit $X$ matrices, Phys. Rev. A 86, 062303 (2012), arXiv:1208.2706.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.062303"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhi-Hao Ma, Zhi-Hua Chen, Jing-Ling Chen, Christoph Spengler, Andreas Gabriel, and Marcus Huber, Measure of genuine multipartite entanglement with computable lower bounds, Phys. Rev. A 83, 062325 (2011), arXiv:1101.2001.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.062325"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ludovico Lami and Marcus Huber, Bipartite depolarizing channels, J. Math. Phys. 57, 092201 (2016), arXiv:1603.02158.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4962339"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Schmid, Denis Rosset, and Francesco Buscemi, The type-independent resource theory of local operations and shared randomness, Quantum 4, 262 (2020), arXiv:1909.04065.","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2020-04-30-262"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohdai Kuroiwa and Hayata Yamasaki, General Quantum Resource Theories: Distillation, Formation and Consistent Resource Measures, Quantum 4, 355 (2020), arXiv:2002.02458.","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2020-11-01-355"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohdai Kuroiwa and Hayata Yamasaki, Asymptotically consistent measures of general quantum resources: Discord, non-Markovianity, and non-Gaussianity, Phys. Rev. A 104, L020401 (2021), arXiv:2103.05665.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.104.L020401"}],"container-title":["Quantum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2022-04-25-695\/pdf\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T11:07:53Z","timestamp":1650884873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2022-04-25-695\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2022-04-25-695","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2521-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2521-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"article-number":"695"}}