{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:20:40Z","timestamp":1778134840423,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2019-000904-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000904-S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2019-000910-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000910-S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2019-088482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2019-088482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-113523GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113523GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Quantum ENIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Quantum ENIA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QUITEMAD-CM P2018\/TCS-4342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QUITEMAD-CM P2018\/TCS-4342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTI-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTI-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["quantum-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum"],"abstract":"We introduce Inflation, a Python library for assessing whether an observed probability distribution is compatible with a causal explanation. This is a central problem in both theoretical and applied sciences, which has recently witnessed significant advances from the area of quantum nonlocality, namely, in the development of inflation techniques. Inflation is an extensible toolkit that is capable of solving pure causal compatibility problems and optimization over (relaxations of) sets of compatible correlations in both the classical and quantum paradigms. The library is designed to be modular and with the ability of being ready-to-use, while keeping an easy access to low-level objects for custom modifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2023-05-04-996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T13:01:42Z","timestamp":1683205302000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inflation: a Python library for classical and quantum causal compatibility"],"prefix":"10.22331","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0513-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel-Cristian","family":"Boghiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICFO \u2013 Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elie","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 2Y5"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3853-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Pozas-Kerstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Matem\u00e1ticas (CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9598","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Judea Pearl. ``Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference''. Cambridge University Press. (2009).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dan Geiger and Christopher Meek. ``Quantifier elimination for statistical problems''. In Proc. 15th Conf. Uncert. Artif. Intell. (AUAI, 1999). Page 226\u2013235. (1995). arXiv:1301.6698.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1301.6698"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin Tian and Judea Pearl. ``On the testable implications of causal models with hidden variables''. In Proc. 18th Conf. Uncert. Artif. Intell. (AUAI, 2002). Page 519\u2013527. (2002). arXiv:1301.0608.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1301.0608"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luis David Garcia, Michael Stillman, and Bernd Sturmfels. ``Algebraic geometry of Bayesian networks''. J. Symb. Comput. 39, 331\u2013355 (2005). arXiv:math\/0301255.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsc.2004.11.007"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luis David Garcia. ``Algebraic statistics in model selection''. In Proc. 20th Conf. Uncert. Artif. Intell. (AUAI, 2004). Page 177\u2013184. (2014). arXiv:1207.4112.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1207.4112"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ciar\u00e1n M. Lee and Robert W. Spekkens. ``Causal inference via algebraic geometry: Feasibility tests for functional causal structures with two binary observed variables''. J. Causal Inference 5, 20160013 (2017). arXiv:1506.03880.","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2016-0013"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicolas Brunner, Daniel Cavalcanti, Stefano Pironio, Valerio Scarani, and Stephanie Wehner. ``Bell nonlocality''. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 419\u2013478 (2014). arXiv:1303.2849.","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.86.419"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"John S. Bell. ``On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox''. Physics Physique Fizika 1, 195\u2013200 (1964).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.1.195"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christopher J. Wood and Robert W. Spekkens. ``The lesson of causal discovery algorithms for quantum correlations: causal explanations of Bell-inequality violations require fine-tuning''. New J. Phys. 17, 033002 (2015). arXiv:1208.4119.","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/17\/3\/033002"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rafael Chaves, Richard Kueng, Jonatan B. Brask, and David Gross. ``Unifying framework for relaxations of the causal assumptions in Bell's theorem''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 140403 (2015). arXiv:1411.4648.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.140403"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cyril Branciard, Nicolas Gisin, and Stefano Pironio. ``Characterizing the nonlocal correlations created via entanglement swapping''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 170401 (2010). arXiv:0911.1314.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.170401"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cyril Branciard, Denis Rosset, Nicolas Gisin, and Stefano Pironio. ``Bilocal versus nonbilocal correlations in entanglement-swapping experiments''. Phys. Rev. A 85, 032119 (2012). arXiv:1112.4502.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.032119"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tobias Fritz. ``Beyond Bell's theorem: correlation scenarios''. New J. Phys. 14, 103001 (2012). arXiv:1206.5115.","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/10\/103001"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas C. Fraser and Elie Wolfe. ``Causal compatibility inequalities admitting quantum violations in the triangle structure''. Phys. Rev. A 98, 022113 (2018). arXiv:1709.06242.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.022113"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas van Himbeeck, Jonatan Bohr Brask, Stefano Pironio, Ravishankar Ramanathan, Ana Bel\u00e9n Sainz, and Elie Wolfe. ``Quantum violations in the Instrumental scenario and their relations to the Bell scenario''. Quantum 3, 186 (2019). arXiv:1804.04119.","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2019-09-16-186"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Armin Tavakoli, Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, Ming-Xing Luo, and Marc-Olivier Renou. ``Bell nonlocality in networks''. Rep. Prog. Phys. 85, 056001 (2022). arXiv:2104.10700.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/ac41bb"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, Rafael Rabelo, \u0141ukasz Rudnicki, Rafael Chaves, Daniel Cavalcanti, Miguel Navascu\u00e9s, and Antonio Ac\u00edn. ``Bounding the sets of classical and quantum correlations in networks''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 140503 (2019). arXiv:1904.08943.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.140503"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aditya Kela, Kai Von Prillwitz, Johan \u00c5berg, Rafael Chaves, and David Gross. ``Semidefinite tests for latent causal structures''. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 66, 339\u2013349 (2020). arXiv:1701.00652.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2019.2935755"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johan \u00c5berg, Ranieri Nery, Cristhiano Duarte, and Rafael Chaves. ``Semidefinite tests for quantum network topologies''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 110505 (2020). arXiv:2002.05801.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.110505"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ming-Xing Luo. ``Computationally efficient nonlinear Bell inequalities for quantum networks''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 140402 (2018). arXiv:1707.09517.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.140402"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marc-Olivier Renou, Yuyi Wang, Sadra Boreiri, Salman Beigi, Nicolas Gisin, and Nicolas Brunner. ``Limits on correlations in networks for quantum and no-signaling resources''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 070403 (2019). arXiv:1901.08287.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.070403"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elie Wolfe, Robert W. Spekkens, and Tobias Fritz. ``The inflation technique for causal inference with latent variables''. J. Causal Inference 7, 20170020 (2019). arXiv:1609.00672.","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2017-0020"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elie Wolfe, Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, Matan Grinberg, Denis Rosset, Antonio Ac\u00edn, and Miguel Navascu\u00e9s. ``Quantum inflation: A general approach to quantum causal compatibility''. Phys. Rev. X 11, 021043 (2021). arXiv:1909.10519.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.11.021043"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicolas Gisin, Jean-Daniel Bancal, Yu Cai, Patrick Remy, Armin Tavakoli, Emmanuel Zambrini Cruzeiro, Sandu Popescu, and Nicolas Brunner. ``Constraints on nonlocality in networks from no-signaling and independence''. Nat. Commun. 11, 2378 (2020). arXiv:1906.06495.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16137-4"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, Nicolas Gisin, and Armin Tavakoli. ``Full network nonlocality''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 010403 (2022). arXiv:2105.09325.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.010403"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, Nicolas Gisin, and Marc-Olivier Renou. ``Proofs of network quantum nonlocality in continuous families of distributions''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 090201 (2023). arXiv:2203.16543.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.130.090201"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emanuel-Cristian Boghiu, Elie Wolfe, and Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens. ``Source code for inflation''. Zenodo 7305544 (2022).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7305544"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flavio Baccari, Daniel Cavalcanti, Peter Wittek, and Antonio Ac\u00edn. ``Efficient device-independent entanglement detection for multipartite systems''. Phys. Rev. X 7, 021042 (2017). arXiv:1612.08551.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.7.021042"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greg ver Steeg and Aram Galstyan. ``A sequence of relaxations constraining hidden variable models''. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. Page 717\u2013726. UAI'11Arlington, Virginia, USA (2011). AUAI Press. arXiv:1106.1636.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1106.1636"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miguel Navascu\u00e9s and Elie Wolfe. ``The inflation technique completely solves the causal compatibility problem''. J. Causal Inference 8, 70 \u2013 91 (2020). arXiv:1707.06476.","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2018-0008"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"Laurens T. Ligthart and David Gross. ``The inflation hierarchy and the polarization hierarchy are complete for the quantum bilocal scenario'' (2022). arXiv:2212.11299."},{"key":"31","unstructured":"Laurens T. Ligthart, Mariami Gachechiladze, and David Gross. ``A convergent inflation hierarchy for quantum causal structures'' (2021). arXiv:2110.14659."},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charles R. Harris, K. Jarrod Millman, St\u00e9fan J. van der Walt, et al. ``Array programming with NumPy''. Nature 585, 357\u2013362 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aaron Meurer, Christopher P. Smith, Mateusz Paprocki, et al. ``SymPy: symbolic computing in Python''. PeerJ Comput. Sci. 3, e103 (2017).","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.103"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis E. Oliphant, et al. ``SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python''. Nat. Methods 17, 261\u2013272 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siu Kwan Lam, Antoine Pitrou, and Stanley Seibert. ``Numba: A LLVM-based Python JIT compiler''. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure in HPC. LLVM '15 New York, NY, USA (2015). Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2833157.2833162"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"MOSEK ApS. ``MOSEK Fusion API for Python''. https:\/\/docs.mosek.com\/latest\/pythonfusion\/index.html (2019)."},{"key":"37","unstructured":"Johann L\u00f6fberg. ``YALMIP: A toolbox for modeling and optimization in MATLAB''. In Proceedings of the CACSD Conference. Taipei, Taiwan (2004). url: yalmip.github.io\/."},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miguel Navascu\u00e9s, Stefano Pironio, and Antonio Ac\u00edn. ``Bounding the set of quantum correlations''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 010401 (2007). arXiv:quant-ph\/0607119.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.010401"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miguel Navascu\u00e9s, Stefano Pironio, and Antonio Ac\u00edn. ``A convergent hierarchy of semidefinite programs characterizing the set of quantum correlations''. New J. Phys. 10, 073013 (2008). arXiv:0803.4290.","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/10\/7\/073013"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefano Pironio, Miguel Navascu\u00e9s, and Antonio Ac\u00edn. ``Convergent relaxations of polynomial optimization problems with non-commuting variables''. SIAM J. Optim. 20, 2157\u20132180 (2010). arXiv:0903.4368.","DOI":"10.1137\/090760155"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tobias Moroder, Jean-Daniel Bancal, Yeong-Cherng Liang, Martin Hofmann, and Otfried G\u00fchne. ``Device-independent entanglement quantification and related applications''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 030501 (2013). arXiv:1302.1336.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.030501"},{"key":"42","unstructured":"Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens. ``Quantum information outside quantum information''. PhD thesis. Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya. (2019). url: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10803\/667696."},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. David Mermin. ``Quantum mysteries revisited''. Amer. J. Phys. 58, 731\u2013734 (1990).","DOI":"10.1119\/1.16503"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paolo Abiuso, Tam\u00e1s Kriv\u00e1chy, Emanuel-Cristian Boghiu, Marc-Olivier Renou, Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens, and Antonio Ac\u00edn. ``Single-photon nonlocality in quantum networks''. Phys. Rev. Research 4, L012041 (2022). arXiv:2108.01726.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.4.L012041"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mariami Gachechiladze, Nikolai Miklin, and Rafael Chaves. ``Quantifying causal influences in the presence of a quantum common cause''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 230401 (2020). arXiv:2007.01221.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.230401"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iris Agresti, Davide Poderini, Leonardo Guerini, Michele Mancusi, Gonzalo Carvacho, Leandro Aolita, Daniel Cavalcanti, Rafael Chaves, and Fabio Sciarrino. ``Experimental device-independent certified randomness generation with an instrumental causal structure''. Commun. Phys. 3, 110 (2020). arXiv:1905.02027.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-020-0375-6"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iris Agresti, Davide Poderini, Beatrice Polacchi, Nikolai Miklin, Mariami Gachechiladze, Alessia Suprano, Emanuele Polino, Giorgio Milani, Gonzalo Carvacho, Rafael Chaves, and Fabio Sciarrino. ``Experimental test of quantum causal influences''. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm1515 (2022). arXiv:2108.08926.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm1515"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shane Mansfield and Tobias Fritz. ``Hardy's non-locality paradox and possibilistic conditions for non-locality''. Found. Phys. 42, 709\u2013719 (2012). arXiv:1105.1819.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10701-012-9640-1"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Denis Rosset, Felipe Montealegre-Mora, and Jean-Daniel Bancal. ``RepLAB: A computational\/numerical approach to representation theory''. In Quantum Theory and Symmetries. Pages 643\u2013653. CRM Series in Mathematical Physics. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium, Montreal, Springer (2021). arXiv:1911.09154.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55777-5_60"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim-Chuan Toh, Michael J. Todd, and Reha H. T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc. ``SDPT3 \u2014 a MATLAB software package for semidefinite programming''. Optim. Metods Softw. 11, 545\u2013581 (1999).","DOI":"10.1080\/10556789908805762"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steven Diamond and Stephen Boyd. ``CVXPY: A Python-embedded modeling language for convex optimization''. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 17, 1\u20135 (2016). arXiv:1603.00943.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1603.00943"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"Brendan O'Donoghue, Eric Chu, Neal Parikh, and Stephen Boyd. ``SCS: Splitting Conic Solver''. https:\/\/github.com\/cvxgrp\/scs (2021)."},{"key":"53","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimization, LLC. ``Gurobi Optimizer Reference Manual''. https:\/\/www.gurobi.com (2022)."},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guillaume Sagnol and Maximilian Stahlberg. ``PICOS: A Python interface to conic optimization solvers''. J. Open Source Softw. 7, 3915 (2022).","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03915"},{"key":"55","unstructured":"Martin S. Andersen, Joachim Dahl, and Lieven Vandenberghe. ``CVXOPT: Python software for convex optimization''. http:\/\/cvxopt.org\/ (2015)."},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel Brosch and Etienne de Klerk. ``Jordan symmetry reduction for conic optimization over the doubly nonnegative cone: theory and software''. Optim. Methods Softw. 37, 2001\u20132020 (2022). arXiv:2001.11348.","DOI":"10.1080\/10556788.2021.2022146"}],"container-title":["Quantum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2023-05-04-996\/pdf\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T13:01:54Z","timestamp":1683205314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2023-05-04-996\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2023-05-04-996","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2521-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2521-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"article-number":"996"}}