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Gao et al. discussed the vulnerability of most current-day PUFs to sophisticated machine learning-based attacks. We address this problem by integrating classical PUFs and existing quantum communication technology. Specifically, this paper proposes a generic design of provably secure PUFs, called hybrid locked PUFs(HLPUFs), providing a practical solution for securing classical PUFs. An HLPUF uses a classical PUF(CPUF), and encodes the output into non-orthogonal quantum states to hide the outcomes of the underlying CPUF from any adversary. Here we introduce a quantum lock to protect the HLPUFs from any general adversaries. The indistinguishability property of the non-orthogonal quantum states, together with the quantum lockdown technique prevents the adversary from accessing the outcome of the CPUFs. Moreover, we show that by exploiting non-classical properties of quantum states, the HLPUF allows the server to reuse the challenge-response pairs for further client authentication. This result provides an efficient solution for running PUF-based client authentication for an extended period while maintaining a small-sized challenge-response pairs database on the server side. Later, we support our theoretical contributions by instantiating the HLPUFs design using accessible real-world CPUFs. We use the optimal classical machine-learning attacks to forge both the CPUFs and HLPUFs, and we certify the security gap in our numerical simulation for construction which is ready for implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2023-05-23-1014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1684840767000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Quantum Lock: A Provable Quantum Communication Advantage"],"prefix":"10.22331","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kaushik","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Doosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chirag","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myrto","family":"Arapinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Kashefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9598","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. 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