{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:22:23Z","timestamp":1777735343198,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PZ00P2-208779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P2-208779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"QuantERA II","award":["10101773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10101773"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["I-6004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-6004"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["ZK 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK 3"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["F 7113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F 7113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["quantum-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study what can or cannot be certified in communication scenarios where the assumption of independence and identical distribution (iid) between experimental rounds fails. In this respect, we prove that membership tests for non-convex sets of correlations cannot be formulated in the non-iid regime. Similarly, it is impossible to self-test non-extreme quantum operations, such as mixed states, or noisy quantum measurements, unless one allows more than a single use thereof within the same experimental round. One consequence of our results is that non-classicality in causal networks without inputs cannot be experimentally demonstrated. By analyzing optimal non-iid strategies in the triangle scenario, we raise the need to take into account the prior communication required to set up a causal network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2025-05-06-1735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T15:42:08Z","timestamp":1746546128000},"page":"1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Memory attacks in network nonlocality and self-testing"],"prefix":"10.22331","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Weilenmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris - LTCI, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"Budroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics ``E. Fermi&apos;&apos; University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Navascues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information\u2013IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9598","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. D. Gill, Accardi contra Bell (cum mundi): the impossible coupling, IMS Lecture Notes-Monograph Series 42, 133 (2003a).","DOI":"10.1214\/lnms\/1215091935"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"R. D. Gill, Time, finite statistics, and bell&apos;s fifth position, in Proceedings of Foundations of Probability and Physics - 2, Ser. Math. Modelling in Phys., Engin., and Cogn. Sc., Vol. 5 (V\u00e4xj\u00f6 Univ. Press., 2003) p. 179\u2013206, arXiv:quant-ph\/0301059 [quant-ph]."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, S. Glancy, and E. Knill, Asymptotically optimal data analysis for rejecting local realism, Phys. Rev. A 84, 062118 (2011).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.062118"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, S. Glancy, and E. Knill, Efficient quantification of experimental evidence against local realism, Phys. Rev. A 88, 052119 (2013).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.88.052119"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Giustina, M. A. M. Versteegh, S. Wengerowsky, J. Handsteiner, A. Hochrainer, K. Phelan, F. Steinlechner, J. Kofler, J.-A. Larsson, C. Abell\u00e1n, W. Amaya, V. Pruneri, M. W. Mitchell, J. Beyer, T. Gerrits, A. E. Lita, L. K. Shalm, S. W. Nam, T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, B. Wittmann, and A. Zeilinger, Significant-loophole-free test of bell&apos;s theorem with entangled photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250401 (2015).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.250401"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. K. Shalm, E. Meyer-Scott, B. G. Christensen, P. Bierhorst, M. A. Wayne, M. J. Stevens, T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, D. R. Hamel, M. S. Allman, K. J. Coakley, S. D. Dyer, C. Hodge, A. E. Lita, V. B. Verma, C. Lambrocco, E. Tortorici, A. L. Migdall, Y. Zhang, D. R. Kumor, W. H. Farr, F. Marsili, M. D. Shaw, J. A. Stern, C. Abell\u00e1n, W. Amaya, V. Pruneri, T. Jennewein, M. W. Mitchell, P. G. Kwiat, J. C. Bienfang, R. P. Mirin, E. Knill, and S. W. Nam, Strong loophole-free test of local realism, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250402 (2015).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.250402"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Storz, J. Sch\u00e4r, A. Kulikov, and et al., Loophole-free bell inequality violation with superconducting circuits, Nature 617, 265\u2013270 (2023).","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.115.250401"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Barrett, D. Collins, L. Hardy, A. Kent, and S. Popescu, Quantum nonlocality, bell inequalities, and the memory loophole, Phys. Rev. A 66, 042111 (2002).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.66.042111"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"B. Tsirelson, Some results and problems on quantum bell-type inequalities, Hadronic Journal Supplement 8, 329 (1993)."},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Mayers and A. Yao, Self testing quantum apparatus, Quantum Information & Computation 4, 273 (2004).","DOI":"10.26421\/QIC4.4-3"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Steudel and N. Ay, Information-theoretic inference of common ancestors, Entropy 17, 2304 (2015).","DOI":"10.3390\/e17042304"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Fritz, Beyond Bell&apos;s theorem: correlation scenarios, New Journal of Physics 14, 103001 (2012).","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/10\/103001"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Miklin and M. Oszmaniec, A universal scheme for robust self-testing in the prepare-and-measure scenario, Quantum 5, 424 (2021).","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2021-04-06-424"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"S. Sarkar, A. C. Orthey, Jr., and R. Augusiak, A universal scheme to self-test any quantum state and measurement (2023), arXiv:2312.04405 [quant-ph]."},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Brunner, D. Cavalcanti, S. Pironio, V. Scarani, and S. Wehner, Bell nonlocality, Reviews of Modern Physics 86, 419 (2014), arXiv:1303.2849 [quant-ph].","DOI":"10.1103\/revmodphys.86.419"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. Scarani, Bell Nonlocality, Oxford Graduate Texts (Oxford University Press, 2019).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198788416.001.0001"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Gallego, N. Brunner, C. Hadley, and A. Ac\u00edn, Device-independent tests of classical and quantum dimensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 230501 (2010).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.105.230501"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Chaves, Polynomial bell inequalities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 010402 (2016).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.010402"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Wolfe, R. W. Spekkens, and T. Fritz, The Inflation Technique for Causal Inference with Latent Variables, Journal of Causal Inference 10.1515\/jci-2017-0020 (2016).","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2017-0020"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Weilenmann and R. Colbeck, Analysing causal structures with entropy, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, 20170483 (2017).","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2017.0483"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Chaves, C. Majenz, and D. Gross, Information-theoretic implications of quantum causal structures, Nature communications 6, 5766 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6766"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. Carvacho, F. Andreoli, L. Santodonato, M. Bentivegna, R. Chaves, and F. Sciarrino, Experimental violation of local causality in a quantum network, Nature communications 8, 14775 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14775"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. J. Saunders, A. J. Bennet, C. Branciard, and G. J. Pryde, Experimental demonstration of nonbilocal quantum correlations, Science Advances 3, e1602743 (2017).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602743"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q.-C. Sun, Y.-F. Jiang, B. Bai, W. Zhang, H. Li, X. Jiang, J. Zhang, L. You, X. Chen, Z. Wang, et al., Experimental demonstration of non-bilocality with truly independent sources and strict locality constraints, Nature Photonics 13, 687 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0502-7"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Poderini, I. Agresti, G. Marchese, E. Polino, T. Giordani, A. Suprano, M. Valeri, G. Milani, N. Spagnolo, G. Carvacho, et al., Experimental violation of n-locality in a star quantum network, Nature communications 11, 2467 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16189-6"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Polino, D. Poderini, G. Rodari, I. Agresti, A. Suprano, G. Carvacho, E. Wolfe, A. Canabarro, G. Moreno, G. Milani, et al., Experimental nonclassicality in a causal network without assuming freedom of choice, Nature Communications 14, 909 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36428-w"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"P. Baptista, R. Chen, J. Kaniewski, D. R. Lolck, L. Man\u010dinska, T. G. Nielsen, and S. Schmidt, A mathematical foundation for self-testing: Lifting common assumptions (2023), arXiv:2310.12662 [quant-ph]."},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Navascu\u00e9s, K. F. P\u00e1l, T. V\u00e9rtesi, and M. Ara\u00fajo, Self-testing in prepare-and-measure scenarios and a robust version of wigner&apos;s theorem, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 250802 (2023).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.250802"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Das, A. G. Maity, D. Saha, and A. S. Majumdar, Robust certification of arbitrary outcome quantum measurements from temporal correlations, Quantum 6, 716 (2022).","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2022-05-19-716"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"J. N\u00f6ller, N. Miklin, M. Kliesch, and M. Gachechiladze, Classical certification of quantum gates under the dimension assumption (2024), arXiv:2401.17006 [quant-ph]."},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Weilenmann and R. Colbeck, Non-Shannon inequalities in the entropy vector approach to causal structures, Quantum 2, 57 (2018).","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2018-03-14-57"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Chaves, L. Luft, and D. Gross, Causal structures from entropic information: geometry and novel scenarios, New Journal of Physics 16, 043001 (2014).","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/4\/043001"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Andreoli, G. Carvacho, L. Santodonato, M. Bentivegna, R. Chaves, and F. Sciarrino, Experimental bilocality violation without shared reference frames, Phys. Rev. A 95, 062315 (2017).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.95.062315"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Suprano, D. Poderini, E. Polino, I. Agresti, G. Carvacho, A. Canabarro, E. Wolfe, R. Chaves, and F. Sciarrino, Experimental genuine tripartite nonlocality in a quantum triangle network, PRX Quantum 3, 030342 (2022).","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXQuantum.3.030342"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M.-O. Renou, D. Trillo, M. Weilenmann, T. P. Le, A. Tavakoli, N. Gisin, A. Ac\u00edn, and M. Navascu\u00e9s, Quantum theory based on real numbers can be experimentally falsified, Nature 600, 625\u2013629 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04160-4"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M.-C. Chen, C. Wang, F.-M. Liu, J.-W. Wang, C. Ying, Z.-X. Shang, Y. Wu, M. Gong, H. Deng, F.-T. Liang, Q. Zhang, C.-Z. Peng, X. Zhu, A. Cabello, C.-Y. Lu, and J.-W. Pan, Ruling out real-valued standard formalism of quantum theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 040403 (2022).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.040403"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z.-D. Li, Y.-L. Mao, M. Weilenmann, A. Tavakoli, H. Chen, L. Feng, S.-J. Yang, M.-O. Renou, D. Trillo, T. P. Le, N. Gisin, A. Ac\u00edn, M. Navascu\u00e9s, Z. Wang, and J. Fan, Testing Real Quantum Theory in an Optical Quantum Network, 128, 040402 (2022).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.040402"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Wu, Y.-F. Jiang, X.-M. Gu, L. Huang, B. Bai, Q.-C. Sun, X. Zhang, S.-Q. Gong, Y. Mao, H.-S. Zhong, M.-C. Chen, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, C.-Y. Lu, and J.-W. Pan, Experimental Refutation of Real-Valued Quantum Mechanics under Strict Locality Conditions, 129, 140401 (2022).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.129.140401"}],"container-title":["Quantum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2025-05-06-1735\/pdf\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T15:42:11Z","timestamp":1746546131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2025-05-06-1735\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2025-05-06-1735","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2521-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2521-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"article-number":"1735"}}