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The relative simplicity of this model, embodied by the sparseness of the Hamiltonian matrix, allows for its efficient implementation on quantum computers, and for its approximate solution using variational algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver. While these algorithms have been shown to reproduce the qualitative features of the Hubbard model, their quantitative accuracy in terms of producing true ground state energies and other properties, and the dependence of this accuracy on the system size and interaction strength, the choice of variational ansatz, and the degree of spatial inhomogeneity in the model, remains unknown. Here we present a rigorous classical benchmarking study, demonstrating the potential impact of these factors on the accuracy of the variational solution of the Hubbard model on quantum hardware, for systems with up to 32<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math> qubits. We find that even when using the most accurate wavefunction ans\u00c3\u00a4tze for the Hubbard model, the error in its ground state energy and wavefunction plateaus for larger lattices, while stronger electronic correlations magnify this issue. Concurrently, spatially inhomogeneous parameters and the presence of off-site Coulomb interactions only have a small effect on the accuracy of the computed ground state energies. Our study highlights the capabilities and limitations of current approaches for solving the Hubbard model on quantum hardware, and we discuss potential future avenues of research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2025-05-20-1748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:26:31Z","timestamp":1747740391000},"page":"1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classical Benchmarks for Variational Quantum Eigensolver Simulations of the Hubbard Model"],"prefix":"10.22331","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Antonios M.","family":"Alvertis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR, Inc., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States"},{"name":"Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712"},{"name":"Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712"}]},{"given":"Abid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States 61801"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Iadecola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"},{"name":"Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Orth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"},{"name":"Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Norm","family":"Tubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States"}]}],"member":"9598","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Capone, M Fabrizio, C Castellani, and E Tosatti. ``Strongly Correlated Superconductivity''. 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