{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T01:04:16Z","timestamp":1771981456874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PNRR MUR ICSC","award":["E63C22001000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E63C22001000006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["quantum-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum"],"abstract":"We study the properties of photons in a cryogenic cavity, made by cryo-cooled mirrors surrounded by a room temperature environment. We model such a system as a multimode cavity coupled to two thermal reservoirs at different temperatures. Using a Lindblad master equation approach, we derive the photon distribution and the statistical properties of the cavity modes, finding an overall non-thermal state described by a mode-dependent effective temperature. We also calculate the dissipation rates arising from the interaction of the cavity field with the external environment and the mirrors, relating such rates to measurable macroscopic quantities. These results provide a simple theory to calculate the dissipative properties and the effective temperature of a cavity coupled to different thermal reservoirs, offering potential pathways for engineering dissipations and photon statistics in cavity settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2026-01-22-1983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T11:15:07Z","timestamp":1769080507000},"page":"1983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dissipation and non-thermal states in cryogenic cavities"],"prefix":"10.22331","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zeno","family":"Bacciconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SISSA \u2014 International School of Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Piccitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Catania, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro Maria","family":"Verga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ``Ettore Majorana'', Universit\u00e0 di Catania, , via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Falci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ``Ettore Majorana'', Universit\u00e0 di Catania, , via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Paladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ``Ettore Majorana'', Universit\u00e0 di Catania, , via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Chiriac\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ``Ettore Majorana'', Universit\u00e0 di Catania, , via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9598","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takashi Oka and Hideo Aoki. ``Photovoltaic Hall effect in graphene''. Physical Review B 79, 081406 (2009).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.79.081406"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Goldman and J. Dalibard. ``Periodically Driven Quantum Systems: Effective Hamiltonians and Engineered Gauge Fields''. Physical Review X 4, 031027 (2014).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.4.031027"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dominic V. Else, Bela Bauer, and Chetan Nayak. ``Floquet Time Crystals''. Physical Review Letters 117, 090402 (2016).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.090402"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 Eckardt. ``Colloquium: Atomic quantum gases in periodically driven optical lattices''. Reviews of Modern Physics 89, 011004 (2017).","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.89.011004"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takashi Oka and Sota Kitamura. ``Floquet Engineering of Quantum Materials''. Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 10, 387\u2013408 (2019).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013423"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naoto Tsuji, Takashi Oka, and Hideo Aoki. ``Nonequilibrium Steady State of Photoexcited Correlated Electrons in the Presence of Dissipation''. Physical Review Letters 103, 047403 (2009).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.047403"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. W. McIver, B. Schulte, F.-U. Stein, T. Matsuyama, G. Jotzu, G. Meier, and A. Cavalleri. ``Light-induced anomalous Hall effect in graphene''. Nature Physics 16, 38\u201341 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0698-y"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matteo Lucchini, Fabio Medeghini, Yingxuan Wu, Federico Vismarra, Roc\u00edo Borrego-Varillas, Aurora Crego, Fabio Frassetto, Luca Poletto, Shunsuke A. Sato, Hannes H\u00fcbener, Umberto De Giovannini, \u00c1ngel Rubio, and Mauro Nisoli. ``Controlling Floquet states on ultrashort time scales''. Nature Communications 13, 7103 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34973-4"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sota Kitamura and Hideo Aoki. ``Floquet topological superconductivity induced by chiral many-body interaction''. Communications Physics 5, 1\u201311 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-022-00936-w"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vincenzo Macr\u00ec, Alessandro Ridolfo, Omar Di Stefano, Anton Frisk Kockum, Franco Nori, and Salvatore Savasta. ``Nonperturbative dynamical casimir effect in optomechanical systems: Vacuum casimir-rabi splittings''. Phys. Rev. X 8, 011031 (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.011031"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diego A. R. Dalvit, Paulo A. Maia Neto, and Francisco Diego Mazzitelli. ``Fluctuations, dissipation and the dynamical casimir effect''. Pages 419\u2013457. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Berlin, Heidelberg (2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20288-9_13"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Fausti, R. I. Tobey, N. Dean, S. Kaiser, A. Dienst, M. C. Hoffmann, S. Pyon, T. Takayama, H. Takagi, and A. Cavalleri. ``Light-Induced Superconductivity in a Stripe-Ordered Cuprate''. Science 331, 189\u2013191 (2011).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197294"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Mitrano, A. Cantaluppi, D. Nicoletti, S. Kaiser, A. Perucchi, S. Lupi, P. Di Pietro, D. Pontiroli, M. Ricc\u00f2, S. R. Clark, D. Jaksch, and A. Cavalleri. ``Possible light-induced superconductivity in K$_{3}$C$_{60}$ at high temperature''. Nature 530, 461 (2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16522"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vance R. Morrison, Robert. P. Chatelain, Kunal L. Tiwari, Ali Hendaoui, Andrew Bruh\u00e1cs, Mohamed Chaker, and Bradley J. Siwick. ``A photoinduced metal-like phase of monoclinic VO2 revealed by ultrafast electron diffraction''. Science 346, 445\u2013448 (2014).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253779"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2, Andrew J. Millis, and Igor L. Aleiner. ``Transient superconductivity without superconductivity''. Physical Review B 98, 220510(R) (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.220510"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lorenz Hruby, Nishant Dogra, Manuele Landini, Tobias Donner, and Tilman Esslinger. ``Metastability and avalanche dynamics in strongly correlated gases with long-range interactions''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 3279\u20133284 (2018).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720415115"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2 and Andrew J. Millis. ``Voltage-induced metal-insulator transition in a one-dimensional charge density wave''. Physical Review B 98, 205152 (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.205152"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. A. Sentef, M. Ruggenthaler, and A. Rubio. ``Cavity quantum-electrodynamical polaritonically enhanced electron-phonon coupling and its influence on superconductivity''. Science Advances 4, eaau6969 (2018).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau6969"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alfred Zong, Anshul Kogar, Ya-Qing Bie, Timm Rohwer, Changmin Lee, Edoardo Baldini, Emre Erge\u00e7en, Mehmet B. Yilmaz, Byron Freelon, Edbert J. Sie, Hengyun Zhou, Joshua Straquadine, Philip Walmsley, Pavel E. Dolgirev, Alexander V. Rozhkov, Ian R. Fisher, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Boris V. Fine, and Nuh Gedik. ``Evidence for topological defects in a photoinduced phase transition''. Nature Physics 15, 27\u201331 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0311-9"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anshul Kogar, Alfred Zong, Pavel E. Dolgirev, Xiaozhe Shen, Joshua Straquadine, Ya-Qing Bie, Xirui Wang, Timm Rohwer, I-Cheng Tung, Yafang Yang, Renkai Li, Jie Yang, Stephen Weathersby, Suji Park, Michael E. Kozina, Edbert J. Sie, Haidan Wen, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Ian R. Fisher, Xijie Wang, and Nuh Gedik. ``Light-induced charge density wave in LaTe3''. Nature Physics 16, 159\u2013163 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-019-0705-3"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2, Andrew J. Millis, and Igor L. Aleiner. ``Negative absolute conductivity in photoexcited metals''. Physical Review B 101, 041105 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.101.041105"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhiyuan Sun and Andrew J. Millis. ``Transient Trapping into Metastable States in Systems with Competing Orders''. Physical Review X 10, 021028 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.10.021028"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2 and Andrew J. Millis. ``Polarity dependent heating at the phase interface in metal-insulator transitions''. Physical Review B 102, 085116 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.085116"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gershon Kurizki, Patrice Bertet, Yuimaru Kubo, Klaus M\u00f8lmer, David Petrosyan, Peter Rabl, and J\u00f6rg Schmiedmayer. ``Quantum technologies with hybrid systems''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, 3866\u20133873 (2015).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419326112"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. N. Basov, Richard D. Averitt, Dirk van der Marel, Martin Dressel, and Kristjan Haule. ``Electrodynamics of correlated electron materials''. Reviews of Modern Physics 83, 471\u2013541 (2011).","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.471"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johannes Schachenmayer, Claudiu Genes, Edoardo Tignone, and Guido Pupillo. ``Cavity-Enhanced Transport of Excitons''. Physical Review Letters 114, 196403 (2015).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.196403"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Hagenm\u00fcller, Johannes Schachenmayer, Stefan Sch\u00fctz, Claudiu Genes, and Guido Pupillo. ``Cavity-Enhanced Transport of Charge''. Physical Review Letters 119, 223601 (2017).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.223601"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jonathan B. Curtis, Zachary M. Raines, Andrew A. Allocca, Mohammad Hafezi, and Victor M. Galitski. ``Cavity Quantum Eliashberg Enhancement of Superconductivity''. Physical Review Letters 122, 167002 (2019).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.167002"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Kiffner, Jonathan R. Coulthard, Frank Schlawin, Arzhang Ardavan, and Dieter Jaksch. ``Manipulating quantum materials with quantum light''. Physical Review B 99, 085116 (2019).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.085116"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Kiffner, Jonathan R. Coulthard, Frank Schlawin, Arzhang Ardavan, and Dieter Jaksch. ``Erratum: Manipulating quantum materials with quantum light [Phys. Rev. B 99, 085116 (2019)]''. Physical Review B 99, 099907 (2019).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.099907"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Kiffner, Jonathan Coulthard, Frank Schlawin, Arzhang Ardavan, and Dieter Jaksch. ``Mott polaritons in cavity-coupled quantum materials''. New Journal of Physics 21, 073066 (2019).","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/ab31c7"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Hagenm\u00fcller, Stefan Sch\u00fctz, Johannes Schachenmayer, Claudiu Genes, and Guido Pupillo. ``Cavity-assisted mesoscopic transport of fermions: Coherent and dissipative dynamics''. Physical Review B 97, 205303 (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVB.97.205303\/FIGURES\/11\/MEDIUM"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johannes Flick, Nicholas Rivera, and Prineha Narang. ``Strong light-matter coupling in quantum chemistry and quantum photonics''. Nanophotonics 7, 1479\u20131501 (2018).","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2018-0067"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pierre Nataf and Cristiano Ciuti. ``No-go theorem for superradiant quantum phase transitions in cavity QED and counter-example in circuit QED''. Nature Communications 1, 72 (2010).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1069"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frank Schlawin, Andrea Cavalleri, and Dieter Jaksch. ``Cavity-Mediated Electron-Photon Superconductivity''. Physical Review Letters 122, 133602 (2019).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.133602"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. M. Andolina, F. M. D. Pellegrino, V. Giovannetti, A. H. MacDonald, and M. Polini. ``Cavity quantum electrodynamics of strongly correlated electron systems: A no-go theorem for photon condensation''. Physical Review B 100, 121109 (2019).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.121109"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simone Latini, Enrico Ronca, Umberto De Giovannini, Hannes H\u00fcbener, and Angel Rubio. ``Cavity Control of Excitons in Two-Dimensional Materials''. Nano Letters 19, 3473\u20133479 (2019).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b00183"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"St\u00e9phane K\u00e9na-Cohen and Joel Yuen-Zhou. ``Polariton Chemistry: Action in the Dark''. ACS Central Science 5, 386\u2013388 (2019).","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00219"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahana Chakraborty and Francesco Piazza. ``Long-Range Photon Fluctuations Enhance Photon-Mediated Electron Pairing and Superconductivity''. Physical Review Letters 127, 177002 (2021).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.177002"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Philipp Pilar, Daniele De Bernardis, and Peter Rabl. ``Thermodynamics of ultrastrongly coupled light-matter systems''. Quantum 4, 335 (2020).","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2020-09-28-335"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiajun Li, Denis Golez, Giacomo Mazza, Andrew J. Millis, Antoine Georges, and Martin Eckstein. ``Electromagnetic coupling in tight-binding models for strongly correlated light and matter''. Physical Review B 101, 205140 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.101.205140"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. M. Andolina, F. M. D. Pellegrino, V. Giovannetti, A. H. MacDonald, and M. Polini. ``Theory of photon condensation in a spatially varying electromagnetic field''. Physical Review B 102, 125137 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.125137"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuto Ashida, Ata\u00e7 \u0130mamo\u011flu, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Faist, Dieter Jaksch, Andrea Cavalleri, and Eugene Demler. ``Quantum Electrodynamic Control of Matter: Cavity-Enhanced Ferroelectric Phase Transition''. Physical Review X 10, 041027 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.10.041027"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuto Ashida, Ata\u00e7 \u0130mamo\u011flu, and Eugene Demler. ``Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics at Arbitrary Light-Matter Coupling Strengths''. Physical Review Letters 126, 153603 (2021).","DOI":"10.1103\/PHYSREVLETT.126.153603\/FIGURES\/3\/MEDIUM"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olesia Dmytruk and Marco Schir\u00f3. ``Gauge fixing for strongly correlated electrons coupled to quantum light''. Physical Review B 103, 075131 (2021).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.075131"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. P. M. M\u00e9ndez-C\u00f3rdoba, J. J. Mendoza-Arenas, F. J. G\u00f3mez-Ruiz, F. J. Rodr\u00edguez, C. Tejedor, and L. Quiroga. ``R\u00e9nyi entropy singularities as signatures of topological criticality in coupled photon-fermion systems''. Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 043264 (2020).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.043264"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2, Marcello Dalmonte, and Titas Chanda. ``Critical light-matter entanglement at cavity mediated phase transitions''. Physical Review B 106, 155113 (2022).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.106.155113"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal, Cristiano Ciuti, and Thomas W. Ebbesen. ``Manipulating matter by strong coupling to vacuum fields''. Science 373 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0336"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alessio Chiocchetta, Dominik Kiese, Carl Philipp Zelle, Francesco Piazza, and Sebastian Diehl. ``Cavity-induced quantum spin liquids''. Nature Communications 12, 5901 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26076-3"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Schlawin, D. M. Kennes, and M. A. Sentef. ``Cavity quantum materials''. Applied Physics Reviews 9, 011312 (2022).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0083825"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeno Bacciconi, Gian M. Andolina, Titas Chanda, Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2, Marco Schir\u00f2, and Marcello Dalmonte. ``First-order photon condensation in magnetic cavities: A two-leg ladder model''. SciPost Physics 15, 113 (2023).","DOI":"10.21468\/SciPostPhys.15.3.113"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olesia Dmytruk and Marco Schir\u00f2. ``Controlling topological phases of matter with quantum light''. Communications Physics 5, 271 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-022-01049-0"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeno Bacciconi, Gian Marcello Andolina, and Christophe Mora. ``Topological protection of Majorana polaritons in a cavity''. Physical Review B 109, 165434 (2024).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.109.165434"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ceren B. Dag and Vasil Rokaj. ``Engineering topology in graphene with chiral cavities''. Phys. Rev. B 110, L121101 (2024).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.110.L121101"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeno Bacciconi, Hernan B. Xavier, Iacopo Carusotto, Titas Chanda, and Marcello Dalmonte. ``Theory of fractional quantum hall liquids coupled to quantum light and emergent graviton-polaritons''. Phys. Rev. X 15, 021027 (2025).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.15.021027"},{"key":"55","unstructured":"Gian Marcello Andolina, Zeno Bacciconi, Alberto Nardin, Marco Schir\u00f2, Peter Rabl, and Daniele De Bernardis. ``Electrostatics-induced breakdown of the integer quantum hall effect in cavity qed'' (2025). arXiv:2511.04744."},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Giannelli, E. Paladino, M. Grajcar, G. S. Paraoanu, and G. Falci. ``Detecting virtual photons in ultrastrongly coupled superconducting quantum circuits''. Physical Review Research 6, 013008 (2024).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.013008"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johannes Feist and Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal. ``Extraordinary Exciton Conductance Induced by Strong Coupling''. Physical Review Letters 114, 196402 (2015).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.196402"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E Orgiu, J George, J A Hutchison, E Devaux, J F Dayen, B Doudin, F Stellacci, C Genet, J Schachenmayer, C Genes, G Pupillo, P Samor\u00ec, and T W Ebbesen. ``Conductivity in organic semiconductors hybridized with the vacuum field''. Nature materials 14, 1123\u20131129 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4392"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiaolan Zhong, Thibault Chervy, Lei Zhang, Anoop Thomas, Jino George, Cyriaque Genet, James A Hutchison, and Thomas W Ebbesen. ``Energy Transfer between Spatially Separated Entangled Molecules''. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 56, 9034\u20139038 (2017).","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703539"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johannes Feist, Javier Galego, and Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal. ``Polaritonic Chemistry with Organic Molecules''. ACS Photonics 5, 205\u2013216 (2017).","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00680"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Thomas, L. Lethuillier-Karl, K. Nagarajan, R. M.A. Vergauwe, J. George, T. Chervy, A. Shalabney, E. Devaux, C. Genet, J. Moran, and T. W. Ebbesen. ``Tilting a ground-state reactivity landscape by vibrational strong coupling''. Science 363, 615\u2013619 (2019).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau7742"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Georgi Gary Rozenman, Katherine Akulov, Adina Golombek, and Tal Schwartz. ``Long-Range Transport of Organic Exciton-Polaritons Revealed by Ultrafast Microscopy''. ACS Photonics 5, 105\u2013110 (2017).","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b01332"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jyoti Lather, Pooja Bhatt, Anoop Thomas, Thomas W. Ebbesen, and Jino George. ``Cavity Catalysis by Cooperative Vibrational Strong Coupling of Reactant and Solvent Molecules''. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, 10635\u201310638 (2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201905407"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Felice Appugliese, Josefine Enkner, Gian Lorenzo Paravicini-Bagliani, Mattias Beck, Christian Reichl, Werner Wegscheider, Giacomo Scalari, Cristiano Ciuti, and J\u00e9r\u00f4me Faist. ``Breakdown of topological protection by cavity vacuum fields in the integer quantum Hall effect''. Science 375, 1030\u20131034 (2022).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl5818"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzo Graziotto, Josefine Enkner, Sambuddha Chattopadhyay, Jonathan B. Curtis, Ethan Koskas, Christian Reichl, Werner Wegscheider, Giacomo Scalari, Eugene Demler, and J\u00e9r\u00f4me Faist. ``Cavity qed control of quantum hall stripes'' (2025). arXiv:2502.15490.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6255710\/v1"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giacomo Jarc, Shahla Yasmin Mathengattil, Angela Montanaro, Francesca Giusti, Enrico Maria Rigoni, Rudi Sergo, Francesca Fassioli, Stephan Winnerl, Simone Dal Zilio, Dragan Mihailovic, Peter Prelov\u0161ek, Martin Eckstein, and Daniele Fausti. ``Cavity-mediated thermal control of metal-to-insulator transition in 1T-TaS2''. Nature 622, 487\u2013492 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06596-2"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Francesca Fassioli, Jerome Faist, Martin Eckstein, and Daniele Fausti. ``Controlling radiative heat flow through cavity electrodynamics''. Phys. Rev. B 111, 165425 (2025).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.111.165425"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giuliano Chiriac\u00f2. ``Thermal Purcell effect and cavity-induced renormalization of dissipations''. Physical Review B 110, L161107 (2024).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.110.L161107"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heinz-Peter Breuer and Francesco Petruccione. ``The Theory of Open Quantum Systems''. Oxford University Press. (2007).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199213900.001.0001"},{"key":"70","unstructured":"Crispin Gardiner and Peter Zoller. ``Quantum noise: A handbook of markovian and non-markovian quantum stochastic methods with applications to quantum optics''. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. (2004). url: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/9783540223016."},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marlan O. Scully and M. Suhail Zubairy. ``Quantum Optics''. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge (1997).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813993"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Paladino, Y. M. Galperin, G. Falci, and B. L. Altshuler. ``$1\/f$ noise: Implications for solid-state quantum information''. Reviews of Modern Physics 86, 361\u2013418 (2014).","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.86.361"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giacomo Jarc, Shahla Yasmin Mathengattil, Francesca Giusti, Maurizio Barnaba, Abhishek Singh, Angela Montanaro, Filippo Glerean, Enrico Maria Rigoni, Simone Dal Zilio, Stephan Winnerl, and Daniele Fausti. ``Tunable cryogenic terahertz cavity for strong light\u2013matter coupling in complex materials''. Review of Scientific Instruments 93, 033102 (2022).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0080045"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi and Joel Yuen-Zhou. ``Blackbody radiation and thermal effects on chemical reactions and phase transitions in cavities''. ACS Nano 19, 9896\u20139905 (2025).","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c14590"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Felix R\u00fcting and Christoph Weiss. ``Cavity resonances dominating the photon statistics in the non-equilibrium steady state''. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 826, 012022 (2017).","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/826\/1\/012022"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedro Portugal, Fredrik Brange, Kalle S. U. Kansanen, Peter Samuelsson, and Christian Flindt. ``Photon emission statistics of a driven microwave cavity''. Physical Review Research 5, 033091 (2023).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.5.033091"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefan A. Maier. ``Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications''. Springer US. New York, NY (2007).","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-37825-1"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lukas Novotny and Bert Hecht. ``Principles of Nano-Optics''. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge (2012). 2 edition.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511794193"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antonio D'Abbruzzo and Davide Rossini. ``Self-consistent microscopic derivation of Markovian master equations for open quadratic quantum systems''. Physical Review A 103, 052209 (2021).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.052209"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryogo Kubo. ``Statistical-mechanical theory of irreversible processes. i. general theory and simple applications to magnetic and conduction problems''. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 12, 570\u2013586 (1957). arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1143\/JPSJ.12.570.","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.12.570"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carlos Viviescas and Gregor Hackenbroich. ``Field quantization for open optical cavities''. Physical Review A 67, 013805 (2003).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.67.013805"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Thorwart, E Paladino, and M Grifoni. ``Dynamics of the spin-boson model with a structured environment''. Chemical Physics 296, 333\u2013344 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2003.10.007"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Weiss, J. Eckel, M. Thorwart, and R. Egger. ``Iterative real-time path integral approach to nonequilibrium quantum transport''. Phys. Rev. B 77, 195316 (2008).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.77.195316"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Tamascelli, A. Smirne, S. F. Huelga, and M. B. Plenio. ``Nonperturbative treatment of non-markovian dynamics of open quantum systems''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 030402 (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.030402"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Flores-Calder\u00f3n, Md Mursalin Islam, Michele Pini, and Francesco Piazza. ``Nonthermal electron-photon steady states in open cavity quantum materials''. Physical Review Research 7, 013073 (2025).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.7.013073"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leon Mixa, Hans Ke\u00dfler, Andreas Hemmerich, and Michael Thorwart. ``Enhancing exotic quantum fluctuations in a strongly entangled cavity BEC system''. Physical Review Research 6, L012024 (2024).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.L012024"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zachary T. Brawley, Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi, Ju Eun Yim, Yong Rui Poh, Joel Yuen-Zhou, and Matthew Sheldon. ``Vibrational weak and strong coupling modify a chemical reaction via cavity-mediated radiative energy transfer''. Nature Chemistry 17, 439\u2013447 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-024-01723-6"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jong E. Han, Jiajun Li, Camille Aron, and Gabriel Kotliar. ``Nonequilibrium mean-field theory of resistive phase transitions''. Phys. Rev. B 98, 035145 (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.035145"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anne Matthies, Jiajun Li, and Martin Eckstein. ``Control of competing superconductivity and charge order by nonequilibrium currents''. Phys. Rev. B 98, 180502 (2018).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.180502"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. R. Johansson, P. D. Nation, and Franco Nori. ``QuTiP: An open-source Python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems''. Computer Physics Communications 183, 1760\u20131772 (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2012.02.021"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. R. Johansson, P. D. Nation, and Franco Nori. ``QuTiP 2: A Python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems''. Computer Physics Communications 184, 1234\u20131240 (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2012.11.019"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. P. Ojeda Collado, Marios H. Michael, Jim Skulte, Angel Rubio, and Ludwig Mathey. ``Equilibrium Parametric Amplification in Raman-Cavity Hybrids''. Physical Review Letters 133, 116901 (2024).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.133.116901"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. De Martini, M. Marrocco, P. Mataloni, L. Crescentini, and R. Loudon. ``Spontaneous emission in the optical microscopic cavity''. Physical Review A 43, 2480\u20132497 (1991).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.43.2480"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Vogel and H. Risken. ``Quasiprobability distributions in dispersive optical bistability''. Phys. Rev. A 39, 4675\u20134683 (1989).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.39.4675"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. F. Walls and Gerard J. Milburn. ``Quantum optics''. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. (2008).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28574-8"}],"container-title":["Quantum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2026-01-22-1983\/pdf\/","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T11:15:39Z","timestamp":1769080539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/quantum-journal.org\/papers\/q-2026-01-22-1983\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2026-01-22-1983","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2521-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2521-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"article-number":"1983"}}