{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:41:20Z","timestamp":1765528880317,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MRE Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a prevalent source of chronic pain and disability, yet current therapies often provide limited relief with notable side effects. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacologic approach to modulate inflammation and pain. This study investigated the effects of a dual-wavelength PBM protocol (laser + light-emitting diode (LED)) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocyte response from individuals with painful TMD. Monocytes were isolated from 16 individuals with TMD enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (NCT05916235). Cells were plated into 96-well plates and divided into Control, LPS, and LPS + PBM treatment groups. Monocytes received four alternating-day treatments with two PBM probes: a laser probe (810\/660 nm, 180 J\/cm\u00b2) and an LED probe (660\/850 nm). Cytokine and chemokine levels in culture supernatants were measured via multiplexed immunoassays. To verify cell viability after PBM treatment, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was used. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. PBM significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) (p = 0.005), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) (p = 0.0042), interferon gamma\u2013induced protein 10 (IP-10) (p = 0.001), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) (p = 0.0003), while increasing expression of regulatory mediators interleukin-10 (IL-10) (p = 0.0009), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) (p = 0.004), and CC motif chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17) (p = 0.003).These findings suggest that the dual-wavelength PBM protocol was able to shift the monocyte immune response from a more pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype to a more anti-inflammatory, tissue-repair (M2) cytokine profile. These results provide additional evidence for PBM as a benign and non-invasive technique to control and potentially modify TMD-related inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05916235.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.22514\/jofph.2025.082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:37:23Z","timestamp":1765528643000},"page":"252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro effects of dual wavelength photobiomodulation on monocytic response in painful temporomandibular disorder"],"prefix":"10.22514","author":[{"given":"Maria Gabriela","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prosthodontics, Restorative Dental Sciences Department, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"26027","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"container-title":["Journal of Oral &amp; Facial Pain and Headache"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:37:25Z","timestamp":1765528645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jofph.com\/articles\/10.22514\/jofph.2025.082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22514\/jofph.2025.082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2333-0384","2333-0376"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2333-0384","type":"print"},{"value":"2333-0376","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}