{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:50:41Z","timestamp":1787025041005,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"White Rose University Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"DOI":"10.22599\/bioj.315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T05:39:38Z","timestamp":1701322778000},"page":"108-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Role of Thymoma and Thymic Hyperplasia as Prognostic Risk Factors for Secondary Generalisation in Adults with Ocular Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.22599","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2362-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"9887","reference":[{"key":"key20231130053934_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.09.019","article-title":"Factors affecting generalization of ocular myasthenia gravis in patients with positive acetylcholine receptor antibody","volume":"209","year":"2020","journal-title":"American journal of ophthalmology"},{"key":"key20231130053934_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.011","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: A comprehensive review of immune dysregulation and etiological mechanisms","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20231130053934_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22103","article-title":"The thymus in myasthenia gravis: site of \u201cinnate autoimmunity\u201d","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20231130053934_B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prediction of generalization of ocular myasthenia gravis under immunosuppressive therapy in Northwest China","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20231130053934_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314173","article-title":"Thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: Report of 247 patients","volume":"235","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20231130053934_B6","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20231130053934_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.44","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis\u2014autoantibody characteristics and their implications for therapy","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20231130053934_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: Subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20231130053934_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009294","article-title":"Practice advisory: Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (practice parameter update): Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"94","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20231130053934_B10","unstructured":"Health Improvement Scotland. 2021. Methodology Checklist 3: Cohort studies. Available at: https:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/what-we-do\/methodology\/checklists\/ [Accessed: 10 February 2022]."},{"key":"key20231130053934_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.04.017","article-title":"Incidence, epidemiology, and transformation of ocular myasthenia gravis: a population-based study","volume":"205","year":"2019","journal-title":"American journal of ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20231130053934_B12","article-title":"Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor\u2013related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis","volume":"69","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20231130053934_B13","article-title":"Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"key20231130053934_B14","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prognosis of ocular myasthenia in Korea: A retrospective multicenter analysis of 202 patients","volume":"273","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20231130053934_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25971","article-title":"Ocular presentation of myasthenia gravis: a natural history cohort","volume":"57","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"key":"key20231130053934_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2016.04.005","article-title":"Characterization of patients with ocular myasthenia gravis\u2014A case series","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eneurologicalsci"},{"key":"key20231130053934_B17","article-title":"Ocular manifestation and generalization after ocular onset in ocular myasthenia gravis: A 5-year analysis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20231130053934_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1","article-title":"Risk for generalization in ocular onset myasthenia gravis: Experience from a neuro-ophthalmology clinic","volume":"122","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Belgica"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20231130053934_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9056-8","article-title":"Generalization after ocular onset in myasthenia gravis: A case series in Germany","volume":"265","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20231130053934_B20","first-page":"478","article-title":"Thymectomy in ocular myasthenia gravis before generalization results in a higher remission rate","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20231130053934_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01129-z","article-title":"Thymectomy and risk of generalization in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"key20231130053934_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286419876521","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419876521","article-title":"Do early prednisolone and other immunosuppressant therapies prevent generalization in ocular myasthenia gravis in Western populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20231130053934_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.08.001","article-title":"Extended transsternal thymectomy for the treatment of ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"92","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Annals of Thoracic Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20231130053934_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3282f4098e","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia: diagnostic and treatment recommendations and the evidence base","volume":"21","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20231130053934_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2017.1344237","article-title":"Factors affecting outcome in ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"128","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20231130053934_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.12.053","article-title":"Outcomes after thymectomy in class I myasthenia gravis","volume":"145","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20231130053934_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20231130053934_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.4.527","article-title":"Autoantibodies in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis with myositis or neuromyotonia","volume":"57","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20231130053934_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.010","article-title":"Prognosis of ocular myasthenia gravis: Retrospective multicenter analysis","volume":"122","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20231130053934_B30","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis: A review","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20231130053934_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(96)70264-7","article-title":"Delayed remission after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis of the purely ocular type","volume":"112","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20231130053934_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-007-0185-8","article-title":"\u201cImmunological function of thymoma and pathogenesis of paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20231130053934_B33","first-page":"277","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"6","year":"1967","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20231130053934_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.01.005","article-title":"Imaging of thymus in myasthenia gravis: From thymic hyperplasia to thymic tumor","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20231130053934_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.116191","article-title":"Thymectomy in the treatment of ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"122","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20231130053934_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15292","article-title":"Association of immunosuppression treatment with generalization among patients with ocular myasthenia gravis: A propensity score analysis","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20231130053934_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.156","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia gravis: response to long-term immunosuppressive treatment","volume":"62","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20231130053934_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2015-001126","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: Association of British Neurologists\u2019 management guidelines","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Practical neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20231130053934_B39","first-page":"56","article-title":"Low conversion rate of ocular to generalized myasthenia gravis in Singapore","volume":"57","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20231130053934_B40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical predictors for the prognosis of myasthenia gravis","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"key20231130053934_B41","article-title":"Thymoma associated myasthenia gravis (TAMG): Differential expression of functional pathways in relation to MG status in different Thymoma Histotypes","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20231130053934_B42","first-page":"3","article-title":"Thymus hyperplasia: classification, problems of patho-and morphogenesis, importance in human pathology","volume":"53","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arkhiv patologii"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20231130053934_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3058-7","article-title":"Thymectomy is a beneficial therapy for patients with non-thymomatous ocular myasthenia gravis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"}],"container-title":["British and Irish Orthoptic Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioj-online.com\/articles\/10.22599\/bioj.315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T11:56:37Z","timestamp":1760615797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.bioj-online.com\/articles\/10.22599\/bioj.315\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.22599\/bioj.315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22599\/bioj.315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2516-3590"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2516-3590","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}