{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:50:33Z","timestamp":1787025033926,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.22608\/apo.2017529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]],"date-time":"2018-02-23T06:56:11Z","timestamp":1519368971000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Understanding, Pharmacologic Treatment Options, and Developing Therapie"],"prefix":"10.22608","member":"9895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2007.S84","article-title":"Retinopathy in diabetes.","volume":"27","author":"Fong","year":"2004","unstructured":"1. Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, et al. Retinopathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):S84\u2012S87.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0149-5992","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2251","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy and other ocular findings in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study","volume":"37","author":"Aiello","year":"2014","unstructured":"2. Aiello LP, DCCT\/EDIC Research Group. Diabetic retinopathy and other ocular findings in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:17\u201223.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02505.x","article-title":"Microvascular disease: what does the UKPDS tell us about diabetic retinopathy?","volume":"25","author":"Kohner","year":"2008","unstructured":"3. Kohner EM. Microvascular disease: what does the UKPDS tell us about diabetic retinopathy? Diabet Med. 2008;25(Suppl 2):20\u201224.","journal-title":"Diabet Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0742-3071","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/414813a","article-title":"Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications","volume":"414","author":"Brownlee","year":"2001","unstructured":"4. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414:813\u2012820.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156273","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2156273","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory","volume":"2016","author":"Romero-Aroca","year":"2016","unstructured":"5. Romero-Aroca P, Baget-Bernaldiz M, Pareja-Rios A, et al. Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:2156273.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0704-6","article-title":"Therapeutic options in refractory diabetic macular oedema","volume":"77","author":"SU","year":"2017","unstructured":"6. Shah SU, Maturi RK. Therapeutic options in refractory diabetic macular oedema. Drugs. 2017;77:481\u2012492.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"November","key":"ref6","first-page":"7","article-title":"Mechanisms of macular edema: beyond the surface.","author":"Daruich","year":"2017","unstructured":"7. Daruich A, Matet A, Moulin A, et al. Mechanisms of macular edema: beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res. November 7, 2017. [Epub ahead of print].","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1350-9462","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001158","article-title":"Retinal vascular cystoid macular edema: review and new theory","volume":"36","author":"Spaide","year":"2016","unstructured":"8. Spaide R. Retinal vascular cystoid macular edema: review and new theory. Retina. 2016;36:1823\u20121842.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292548","article-title":"Rheological properties of white blood cells are changed in diabetic patients with microvascular complications","volume":"30","author":"Vermes","year":"1987","unstructured":"9. Vermes I, Steinmetz ET, Zeyen LJ, et al. Rheological properties of white blood cells are changed in diabetic patients with microvascular complications. Diabetologia. 1987;30:434\u2012436.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.09.005","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye: new insights and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Simo","year":"2014","unstructured":"10. Simo R, Hernandez C, European Consortium for the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Neurodegeneration in the diabetic eye: new insights and therapeutic perspectives. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014;25:23\u201233.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000364955","article-title":"Role of inflammation in diabetic macular edema","volume":"232","author":"Noma","year":"2014","unstructured":"11. Noma H, Mimura T, Yasuda K, et al. Role of inflammation in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmologica. 2014;232:127\u2012135.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.037","article-title":"Association of vitreous inflammatory factors with diabetic macular edema","volume":"116","author":"Funatsu","year":"2009","unstructured":"12. Funatsu H, Noma H, Mimura T, et al. Association of vitreous inflammatory factors with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:73\u201279.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-3583.83035","article-title":"Inflammation and diabetic retinal microvascular complications","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"13. Zhang W, Liu H, Al-Shabrawey M, et al. Inflammation and diabetic retinal microvascular complications. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2011;2:96\u2012103.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dis Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.110","article-title":"A review of therapies for diabetic macular oedema and rationale for combination therapy","volume":"29","author":"Amoaku","year":"2015","unstructured":"14. Amoaku WM, Saker S, Stewart EA. A review of therapies for diabetic macular oedema and rationale for combination therapy. Eye (Lond). 2015; 29:1115\u20121130.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Kowluru RA, Chan PS. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:43603.","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/43603"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000191","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment for diabetic macular edema","volume":"57","author":"Ung","year":"2017","unstructured":"16. Ung C, Borkar DS, Young LH. Current and emerging treatment for diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2017;57:165\u2012177.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794036","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/794036","article-title":"Updates in the management of diabetic macular edema","volume":"2015","author":"Mathew","year":"2015","unstructured":"17. Mathew C, Yunirakasiwi A, Sanjay S. Updates in the management of diabetic macular edema. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:794036.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.034","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of ranibizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema: the 36-month results from two phase III trials: RISE and RIDE","volume":"120","author":"Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"18. Brown DM, Nguyen QD, Marcus DM, et al. Long-term outcomes of ranibizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema: the 36-month results from two phase III trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2013\u20122022.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.08.006","article-title":"Outcomes with as-needed ranibizumab after initial monthly therapy: long-term outcomes of the phase III RIDE and RISE trials.","volume":"122","author":"Boyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"19. Boyer DS, Nguyen QD, Brown DM, et al. Outcomes with as-needed ranibizumab after initial monthly therapy: long-term outcomes of the phase III RIDE and RISE trials. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:2504\u20122513.e1.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0161-6420","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.08.047","article-title":"Intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment: 5-year randomized trial results","volume":"122","author":"Elman","year":"2015","unstructured":"20. Elman MJ, Ayala A, Bressler NM, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment: 5-year randomized trial results. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:375\u2012381.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.10.1363","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in aqueous humor before and after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in eyes with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"125","author":"Sawada","year":"2007","unstructured":"21. Sawada O, Kawamura H, Kakinoki M, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in aqueous humor before and after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:1363\u20121366.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303954","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor suppression times in patients with diabetic macular oedema treated with ranibizumab","volume":"98","author":"Muether","year":"2014","unstructured":"22. Muether PS, Droege KM, Fauser S. Vascular endothelial growth factor suppression times in patients with diabetic macular oedema treated with ranibizumab. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:179\u2012181.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.393","article-title":"A 2-year prospective randomized controlled trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy (BOLT) in the management of diabetic macular edema: 24-month data: report 3","volume":"130","author":"Rajendram","year":"2012","unstructured":"23. Rajendram R, Fraser-Bell S, Kaines A, et al. A 2-year prospective randomized controlled trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy (BOLT) in the management of diabetic macular edema: 24-month data: report 3. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:972\u2012979.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.01.011","article-title":"Randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus macular photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema","volume":"116","author":"Soheilian","year":"2009","unstructured":"24. Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Obudi A, et al. Randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus macular photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2009;116: 1142\u20121150.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.05.062","article-title":"A phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema.","volume":"114","year":"2007","unstructured":"25. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Scott IU, Edwards AR, et al. A phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1860\u20121867.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0161-6420","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.032","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 148-week results from the VISTA and VIVID studies","volume":"123","author":"Heier","year":"2016","unstructured":"26. Heier JS, Korobelnik JF, Brown DM, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema: 148-week results from the VISTA and VIVID studies. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:2376\u20122385.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414264","article-title":"Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema.","volume":"372","year":"2015","unstructured":"27. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Wells JA, Glassman AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1193\u20121203.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.02.022","article-title":"Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial","volume":"123","author":"Wells","year":"2016","unstructured":"28. Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123:1351\u20121359.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i16.333","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic retinopathy: recent advances and unresolved challenges","volume":"7","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","unstructured":"29. Stewart MW. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy: recent advances and unresolved challenges. World J Diabetes. 2016;7:333\u2012341.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2015.12.196","article-title":"New therapeutic approaches in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Vaziri","year":"2015","unstructured":"30. Vaziri K, Schwartz SG, Relhan N, et al. New therapeutic approaches in diabetic retinopathy. Rev Diabet Stud. 2015;12:196\u2012210.","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2536","article-title":"Revolution to a new standard treatment of diabetic macular edema","volume":"311","author":"Jampol","year":"2014","unstructured":"31. Jampol LM, Bressler NM, Glassman AR. Revolution to a new standard treatment of diabetic macular edema. JAMA. 2014;311:2269\u20122270.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.1107","article-title":"Factors associated with changes in visual acuity and central subfield thickness at 1 year after treatment for diabetic macular edema with ranibizumab","volume":"130","author":"Bressler","year":"2012","unstructured":"32. Bressler SB, Qin H, Beck RW, et al. Factors associated with changes in visual acuity and central subfield thickness at 1 year after treatment for diabetic macular edema with ranibizumab. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130: 1153\u20121161.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.09.012","article-title":"Early and long-term responses to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in diabetic macular edema: analysis of protocol I data","volume":"172","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","unstructured":"33. Gonzalez VH, Campbell J, Holekamp NM, et al. Early and long-term responses to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in diabetic macular edema: analysis of protocol I data. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;172:72\u201279.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1734","article-title":"Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy.","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"34. Dong N, Xu B, Wang B, et al. Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy. Mol Vis. 2013;4: 1734\u20121746.","journal-title":"Mol Vis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1090-0535","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0982","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide inhibits breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier through differential regulation of VEGF-A and its receptors in early diabetic rat retinas","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"35. Zhang X, Bao S, Lai D, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide inhibits breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier through differential regulation of VEGF-A and its receptors in early diabetic rat retinas. Diabetes. 2008;57:1026\u20121033.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.033","article-title":"Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema","volume":"118","author":"Elman","year":"2011","unstructured":"36. Elman MJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, et al. Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:609\u2012614.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.024","article-title":"Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema","volume":"121","author":"Boyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"37. Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, et al. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1904\u20121914.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.002","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal dexamethasone for diabetic macular edema: the BEVORDEX study","volume":"121","author":"Gillies","year":"2014","unstructured":"38. Gillies MC, Lim LL, Campain A, et al. A randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal dexamethasone for diabetic macular edema: the BEVORDEX study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121: 2473\u20122481.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000490","article-title":"Intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with ranibizumab persistent diabetic macular edema","volume":"35","author":"Zhioua","year":"2015","unstructured":"39. Zhioua I, Semoun O, Lalloum F, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with ranibizumab persistent diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2015;35:1429\u20121435.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000533","article-title":"A 12-month, single-masked, randomized controlled study of eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema after multiple anti-VEGF injections to assess the efficacy of the dexamethasone-delayed delivery system as an adjunct to bevacizumab compared with continued bevacizumab monotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Maturi","year":"2015","unstructured":"40. Maturi RK, Bleau L, Saunders J, et al. A 12-month, single-masked, randomized controlled study of eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema after multiple anti-VEGF injections to assess the efficacy of the dexamethasone-delayed delivery system as an adjunct to bevacizumab compared with continued bevacizumab monotherapy. Retina. 2015;35: 1604\u20121614.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2014.0010","article-title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized versus nonvitrectomized eyes for treatment of patients with persistent diabetic macular edema","volume":"30","author":"Medeiros","year":"2014","unstructured":"41. Medeiros MD, Alkabes M, Navarro R, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized versus nonvitrectomized eyes for treatment of patients with persistent diabetic macular edema. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014;30:709\u2012716.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.4914","article-title":"Effect of adding dexamethasone to continued ranibizumab treatment in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema: a DRCR Network phase 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"136","author":"Maturi","year":"2018","unstructured":"42. Maturi RK, Glassman AR, Liu D, et al. Effect of adding dexamethasone to continued ranibizumab treatment in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema: a DRCR Network phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136:29\u201238.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.030","article-title":"Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema","volume":"119","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2012","unstructured":"43. Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:2125\u20122132.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Duh EJ, Sun JK, Stitt AW. Diabetic retinopathy: current understanding, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. JCI Insight. July 20, 2017. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93751"},{"issue":"October","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.06.015","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets in diabetic macular edema: beyond VEGF.","author":"Urias","year":"2017","unstructured":"45. Urias EA, Urias GA, Monickaraj F, et al. Novel therapeutic targets in diabetic macular edema: beyond VEGF. Vision Res. October 16, 2017. [Epub ahead of print].","journal-title":"Vision Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0042-6989","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"11. Campochiaro PA, Channa R, Berger BB, et al. Treatment of diabetic macular edema with a designed ankyrin repeat protein that binds vascular endothelial growth factor: a phase I\/II study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155: 697\u2012704, e1\u2012e2."},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Abicipar pegol PALM study phase 2 data in diabetic macular edema (DME).","volume-title":"2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting","author":"Hassan","unstructured":"47. Hassan T. Abicipar pegol PALM study phase 2 data in diabetic macular edema (DME). Paper presented at: 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. October 15\u201218, 2016; Chicago, IL."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0652-z","article-title":"Novel therapies in development for diabetic macular edema","volume":"15","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"48. Agarwal A, Afridi R, Hassan M, et al. Novel therapies in development for diabetic macular edema. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:75.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.04.025","article-title":"Enhanced benefit in diabetic macular edema from AKB-9778 Tie2 activation combined with vascular endothelial growth factor suppression","volume":"123","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"49. Campochiaro PA, Khanani A, Singer M, et al. Enhanced benefit in diabetic macular edema from AKB-9778 Tie2 activation combined with vascular endothelial growth factor suppression. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1722\u20121730.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.023","article-title":"Treatment of diabetic macular edema with an inhibitor of vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase that activates Tie2","volume":"122","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"50. Campochiaro PA, Sophie R, Tolentino M, et al. Treatment of diabetic macular edema with an inhibitor of vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase that activates Tie2. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:545\u2012554.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"13. Regeneron provides update on EYLEA (aflibercept) injection and nesvacumab (Ang2 antibody) combination program [press release]. Tarrytown, NY: PRNewswire; November 27, 2017. http:\/\/investor.regeneron.com\/releaseDetail.cfm?releaseid=1049746."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0317","article-title":"Plasma kallikrein-kinin system as a VEGF-independent mediator of diabetic macular edema","volume":"64","author":"Kita","year":"2015","unstructured":"52. Kita T, Clermont AC, Murugesan N, et al. Plasma kallikrein-kinin system as a VEGF-independent mediator of diabetic macular edema. Diabetes. 2015;64:3588\u20123599.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1498","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091498","article-title":"Moving past anti-VEGF: novel therapies for treating diabetic retinopathy.","volume":"17","author":"Bolinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"53. Bolinger MT, Antonetti DA. Moving past anti-VEGF: novel therapies for treating diabetic retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:E1498.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1422-0067","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.11.004","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of a novel non-peptide alphavbeta3 integrin antagonist for pathological retinal angiogenesis in mice","volume":"129","author":"YJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"54. Li YJ, Li XH, Wang LF, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of a novel non-peptide alphavbeta3 integrin antagonist for pathological retinal angiogenesis in mice. Exp Eye Res. 2014;129:119\u2012126.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.04.011","article-title":"Novel 1H-imidazol-2-amine derivatives as potent and orally active vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors for diabetic macular edema treatment","volume":"21","author":"Inoue","year":"2013","unstructured":"55. Inoue T, Morita M, Tojo T, et al. Novel 1H-imidazol-2-amine derivatives as potent and orally active vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors for diabetic macular edema treatment. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013;21:3873\u20123881.","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"337","article-title":"Intravitreal fasudil combined with bevacizumab for treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema; a pilot study.","volume":"8","author":"Nourinia","year":"2013","unstructured":"56. Nourinia R, Ahmadieh H, Shahheidari MH, et al. Intravitreal fasudil combined with bevacizumab for treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema; a pilot study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8:337\u2012340.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2008-2010","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"16. Ohr pharmaceutical announces efficacy results from the MAKO study in wet-AMD [press release]. New York, NY: Globe Newswire; January 5, 2018. https:\/\/globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2018\/01\/05\/1284092\/0\/en\/Ohr-Pharmaceutical-Announces-Efficacy-Results-from-the-MAKO-Study-in-Wet-AMD.html."}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T09:57:15Z","timestamp":1719827835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/apjoo\/Fulltext\/2018\/01000\/Diabetic_Macular_Edema__Current_Understanding,.5.aspx"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22608\/apo.2017529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-0989","2162-0989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-0989","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-0989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}