{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:47:05Z","timestamp":1772779625113,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16756,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. symb. log."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Interest has steadily increased among logicians and philosophers in versions of quantification theory which meet the following criteria: (1) no existence assumptions are made with respect to individual constants, and (2) theorems are valid in every domain including the empty domain. Logics meeting the former of these criteria are called <jats:italic>free logics<\/jats:italic> by Lambert and have been investigated in a series of papers by him and by van Fraassen, and by Leblanc and Thomason.<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup><\/jats:p><jats:p>Although it is natural to impose (2) in the presence of (1), the criteria are independent.<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> Hence we baptize logics which meet both criteria <jats:italic>universally free<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2307\/2270048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,6]],"date-time":"2006-05-06T20:45:16Z","timestamp":1146948316000},"page":"8-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Universally free logic and standard quantification theory"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1305\/ndjfl\/1093958153"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/malq.19660120117"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/monist19665015"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2021988"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref008","volume-title":"Introduction to metamathematics","author":"Kleene","year":"1952"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref019","first-page":"177","article-title":"Quantification and the empty domain","volume":"19","author":"Quine","year":"1954","journal-title":"this Journal"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref002","volume-title":"Logic and language, Studies dedicated to Professor Rudolf Carnap on the occasion of his seventieth birthday","author":"Bar-Hillel","year":"1962"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref018","unstructured":"Van Fraassen B. and Lambert K. , On free description theory, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik , (In press)."},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref001","first-page":"320","article-title":"A simple proof of G\u00f6del's completeness theorem","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"1959","journal-title":"this Journal"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1305\/ndjfl\/1093957655"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref005","first-page":"197","article-title":"Quantification theory and empty individual domains","volume":"18","author":"Hailperin","year":"1953","journal-title":"this Journal"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00462042"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref003","volume-title":"Introduction to mathematical logic","author":"Church","year":"1956"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2182169"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref004","first-page":"103","article-title":"Review of \u2018Existential Import Revisited\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Church","year":"1965","journal-title":"this Journal"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00420412"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref014","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Completeness theorems for presupposition-free logics","author":"Leblanc","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3219645"},{"key":"S0022481200111235_ref016","first-page":"107","article-title":"On the rules of proof in the pure functional calculus","volume":"16","author":"Mostowski","year":"1951","journal-title":"this Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Symbolic Logic"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022481200111235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T19:13:01Z","timestamp":1559502781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022481200111235\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,26]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022481200111235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2270048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4812","1943-5886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5886","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1968,4,26]]}}}