{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:41:14Z","timestamp":1791304874436,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Nickel is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis and is associated with metal buttons and snaps on blue jeans.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>To determine the prevalence of nickel-positive metal buttons on blue jeans and the efficacy of nail polish in the prevention of nickel release.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>We collected 62 pairs of new and preworn blue jeans. The metal buttons were tested for nickel with a dimethylglyoxime test kit, and one coat of clear nail polish was applied to nickel-positive buttons. Painted buttons were dried for 24 hours, and the jeans were washed on delicate cycle and retested for nickel. The jeans underwent a second wash\/dry cycle and were retested.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>The prevalence of nickel-positive metal buttons on blue jeans was 16%. Ten pairs of jeans tested positive for nickel. All 10 pairs tested negative for nickel after the application of one coat of clear nail polish. Of these 10 pairs, seven pairs underwent two wash\/dry cycles, and all seven tested negative for nickel after each cycle.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>The presence of nickel-positive blue-jean buttons is greater in new jeans than in preworn jeans. One clear coat of nail polish can prevent nickel release through two wash\/dry cycles in a test environment.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2007.07013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,14]],"date-time":"2008-02-14T16:59:41Z","timestamp":1203008381000},"page":"208-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Blue-Jean Button Nickel: Prevalence and Prevention of Its Release from Buttons"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tina","family":"Suneja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Denver Dermatology Consultants, Denver, CO, and the Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine H.","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Denver Dermatology Consultants, Denver, CO, and the Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dee Anna","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Denver Dermatology Consultants, Denver, CO, and the Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Belsito DV. Allergic contact dermatitis. In: Freedburg IM Eisen AZ Wolff K et al editors. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003. p. 1164-80."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Nickel dermatitis","volume":"45","author":"Krushell JS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Krushell JS, , Burnett JW. Nickel dermatitis. Cutis, 1990; 45:87-8.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1989.tb04746.x","article-title":"Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis","volume":"21","author":"Christopherson J","year":"1989","unstructured":"Christopherson J, , Menne T, , Tanghoj P, et al. Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis. Contact Dermatitis, 1989; 21:291-9.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70154-4","article-title":"Nickel allergy and its relationship to local nickel pollution, ear piercing, and atopic dermatitis: a population-based study from Norway","volume":"40","author":"Smith-Sivertsen T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smith-Sivertsen T, , Dotterud LK, , Lund E. Nickel allergy and its relationship to local nickel pollution, ear piercing, and atopic dermatitis: a population-based study from Norway. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1999; 40:726-35.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.6.1070"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.e3","article-title":"Does sensitization to contact allergens begin in infancy?","author":"Bruckner AL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bruckner AL, , Weston WL, , Morelli JG. Does sensitization to contact allergens begin in infancy?. Pediatrics, 2000; 105:e3.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"286","article-title":"Patch test results in schoolchildren","volume":"37","author":"Brasch J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brasch J, , Geier J. Patch test results in schoolchildren. Results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis, 1997; 37:286-93.","journal-title":"Results from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0736-8046.2004.21306.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00345-3","article-title":"Insensitivity of the routine dimethylglyoxime test for detecting release of nickel from earrings","volume":"224","author":"Ponka A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ponka A, , Ekman A. Insensitivity of the routine dimethylglyoxime test for detecting release of nickel from earrings. Sci Total Environ, 1998; 224:161-5.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00059.x","article-title":"Nickel release from ear piercing kits and earrings","volume":"10","author":"Fisher T","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fisher T, , Fregert S, , Gruyberger B, , Rystedt I. Nickel release from ear piercing kits and earrings. Contact Dermatitis, 1984; 10:39-41.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1971.04000130060008","article-title":"Polyurethane coating in the prevention of nickel dermatitis","volume":"103","author":"Moseley JC","year":"1971","unstructured":"Moseley JC, , Allen HJJr. Polyurethane coating in the prevention of nickel dermatitis. Arch Dermatol, 1971; 103:58-60.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"De Groot AC Weyland JW Nater JP. Nail cosmetics. Unwanted effects of cosmetics and drugs used in dermatology 3rd ed. Amsterdam New York Oxford: Elsevier; 1994. p. 524-9."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00189.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Toluene sulfonamide-formaldehyde resin allergy simulating nickel dermatitis","volume":"5","author":"Kanerva L","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kanerva L, , Jolanki R, , Estlander T. Toluene sulfonamide-formaldehyde resin allergy simulating nickel dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol, 1995; 5:149-50.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02833.x","article-title":"An outbreak of contact dermatitis from toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin in a nail hardener","volume":"18","author":"De Wit FS","year":"1988","unstructured":"De Wit FS, , de Groot AC, , Weyland JW, , Bos JD. An outbreak of contact dermatitis from toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin in a nail hardener. Contact Dermatitis, 1988; 18:280-3.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"134","article-title":"A cream containing the chelator DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid) can prevent contact allergic reactions to metals","volume":"50","author":"Wohrl S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wohrl S, , Kriechbaumer N, , Hemmer W, et al. A cream containing the chelator DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid) can prevent contact allergic reactions to metals. Contact Dermatitis, 2001; 50:134-8.","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70282-8","article-title":"Topically applied pentoxifylline has no effect on allergic patch responses","volume":"39","author":"Brehler R","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brehler R, , Maurer O, , Grabbe S, , Schwarz T. Topically applied pentoxifylline has no effect on allergic patch responses. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1998; 39:1017-21.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550410021682","article-title":"Effects of pretreatment with a urea-containing emollient on nickel allergic skin reactions","volume":"85","author":"Kuzmina N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuzmina N, , Nyren M, , Loden M, et al. Effects of pretreatment with a urea-containing emollient on nickel allergic skin reactions. Acta Derm Venereol, 2005; 85:9-12.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05676.x","article-title":"Pretreatment of skin with a Ginkgo biloba extract\/sodium carboxymethyl-\u03b2-1,3-glucan formulation appears to inhibit the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in man","volume":"38","author":"Castelli D","year":"1998","unstructured":"Castelli D, , Colin L, , Camel E, , Ries G. Pretreatment of skin with a Ginkgo biloba extract\/sodium carboxymethyl-\u03b2-1,3-glucan formulation appears to inhibit the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in man. 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