{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:50:53Z","timestamp":1784037053470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate an automated method for combining a digital photograph with a lateral cephalogram.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 985 digital photographs were collected and soft tissue landmarks were manually detected. Then 2500 lateral cephalograms were collected, and corresponding soft tissue landmarks were manually detected. Using the images and landmark identification information, two different artificial intelligence (AI) models\u2014one for detecting soft tissue on photographs and the other for identifying soft tissue on cephalograms\u2014were developed using different deep-learning algorithms. The digital photographs were rotated, scaled, and shifted to minimize the squared sum of distances between the soft tissue landmarks identified by the two different AI models. As a validation process, eight soft tissue landmarks were selected on digital photographs and lateral cephalometric radiographs from 100 additionally collected validation subjects. Paired\n                      <jats:italic>t-<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests were used to compare the accuracy of measures obtained between the automated and manual image integration methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The validation results showed statistically significant differences between the automated and manual methods on the upper lip and soft tissue B point. Otherwise, no statistically significant difference was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Automated photograph-cephalogram image integration using AI models seemed to be as reliable as manual superimposition procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/010124-1.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T09:45:37Z","timestamp":1724492737000},"page":"595-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of automated photograph-cephalogram image integration using artificial intelligence models"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Jun-Ho","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Gyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Joo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Yub","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Won","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Ae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"281","article-title":"Esthetic evaluation of profile photographs showing various sagittal and vertical patterns","volume":"159","author":"Tugran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tugran\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Baka\n              ZM.\n            \n          \n          Esthetic evaluation of profile photographs showing various sagittal and vertical patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;159:281\u2013291."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"889","article-title":"Reliability of the integrated radiograph-photograph method to obtain natural head position in cephalometric diagnosis","volume":"81","author":"Dvortsin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dvortsin\n              DP,\n            \n            \n              Ye\n              Q,\n            \n            \n              Pruim\n              GJ,\n            \n            \n              Dijkstra\n              PU,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          Reliability of the integrated radiograph-photograph method to obtain natural head position in cephalometric diagnosis. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:889\u2013894."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b03","series-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph","first-page":"9","article-title":"A novel contour-based registration of lateral cephalogram and profile photograph","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Zou\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              W.\n            \n          \n          A novel contour-based registration of lateral cephalogram and profile photograph. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2018;63:9\u201323."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Does artificial intelligence predict orthognathic surgical outcomes better than conventional linear regression methods","author":"Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            et al.\n          Does artificial intelligence predict orthognathic surgical outcomes better than conventional linear regression methods? Angle Orthod. 2024. doi:10.2319\/111423-756.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment outcome predictive performance differences between artificial intelligence and conventional methods","author":"Cho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Ko\n              DY,\n            \n            et al.\n          Orthodontic treatment outcome predictive performance differences between artificial intelligence and conventional methods. Angle Orthod. 2024. doi:10.2319\/111823-767.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"910","article-title":"Predicting soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery: the sparse partial least squares method","volume":"89","author":"Suh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suh\n              HY,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              HJ,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              YS,\n            \n            \n              Eo\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Predicting soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery: the sparse partial least squares method. Angle Orthod. 2019;89:910\u2013916."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b07","series-title":"Commun Stat Appl Methods","first-page":"65","article-title":"Modified partial least squares method implementing mixed-effect model","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Eo\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JW.\n            \n          \n          Modified partial least squares method implementing mixed-effect model. Commun Stat Appl Methods. 2023;30:65\u201373."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"207","article-title":"Comparison of individualized facial growth prediction models based on the partial least squares and artificial intelligence","volume":"94","author":"Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Shin\n              HK,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            et al.\n          Comparison of individualized facial growth prediction models based on the partial least squares and artificial intelligence. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:207\u2013215."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"705","article-title":"Evaluation of an individualized facial growth prediction model based on the multivariate partial least squares method","volume":"92","author":"Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of an individualized facial growth prediction model based on the multivariate partial least squares method. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:705\u2013713."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Evaluation of automated cephalometric analysis based on the latest deep learning method","volume":"91","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of automated cephalometric analysis based on the latest deep learning method. Angle Orthod. 2021;91:329\u2013335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"823","article-title":"How much deep learning is enough for automatic identification to be reliable","volume":"90","author":"Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Yu\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          How much deep learning is enough for automatic identification to be reliable? Angle Orthod. 2020;90:823\u2013830."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"390","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics","volume":"90","author":"Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics. Angle Orthod. 2020;90:390\u2013396."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"69","article-title":"Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: Part 2- Might it be better than human","volume":"90","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            et al.\n          Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: Part 2- Might it be better than human? Angle Orthod. 2020;90:69\u201376."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b14","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Sun\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.2016:770\u2013778."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"903","article-title":"Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: part 1\u2014comparisons between the latest deep-learning methods YOLOV3 and SSD","volume":"89","author":"Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            et al.\n          Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: part 1\u2014comparisons between the latest deep-learning methods YOLOV3 and SSD. Angle Orthod. 2019;89:903\u2013909."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b16","article-title":"YOLOv3: an incremental improvement","author":"Redmon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redmon\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Farhadi\n              A.\n            \n          \n          YOLOv3: an incremental improvement. arXiv:1804.02767. 2018."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b17","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"45","article-title":"Reliability statistics every orthodontist should know","volume":"30","author":"Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Suh\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Reliability statistics every orthodontist should know. Semin Orthod. 2024;30:45\u201349."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"272","article-title":"How to test validity in orthodontic research: a mixed dentition analysis example","volume":"147","author":"Donatelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          How to test validity in orthodontic research: a mixed dentition analysis example. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:272\u2013279."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b19","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team.","year":"2024","unstructured":"R Development Core Team.\n          \n          R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 2024. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b20","series-title":"IEEE Access","first-page":"36636","article-title":"Partial least squares regression trees for multivariate response data with multicollinear predictors","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Partial least squares regression trees for multivariate response data with multicollinear predictors. IEEE Access. 2024;12:36636\u201336644."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b21","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","article-title":"Factors influencing the development of artificial intelligence in orthodontics","author":"Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Factors influencing the development of artificial intelligence in orthodontics. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2024. doi:10.1111\/ocr.12806."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"226","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method based on multiple landmarks for growing patients","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of an automated superimposition method based on multiple landmarks for growing patients. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:226\u2013232."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b23","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8034","article-title":"Accuracy of a surface-based fusion method when integrating digital models and the cone beam computed tomography scans with metal artifacts","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              SH\n            \n          , et al. Accuracy of a surface-based fusion method when integrating digital models and the cone beam computed tomography scans with metal artifacts. Sci Rep. 2022;12:8034."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"397","article-title":"Integration of digital maxillary dental casts with 3D facial images in orthodontic patients","volume":"90","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Gu\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          Integration of digital maxillary dental casts with 3D facial images in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2020;90:397\u2013404."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b25","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"20150073","article-title":"Automatic fusion of lateral cephalograms and digital volume tomography data-perspective for combining two modalities in the future","volume":"44","author":"Sauppe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sauppe\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Abkai\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Hourfar\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Ludwig\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Ulrici\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Hell\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Automatic fusion of lateral cephalograms and digital volume tomography data-perspective for combining two modalities in the future. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2015;44:20150073."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b26","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"84","article-title":"East Asian and Southern European craniofacial Class III phenotype: two sides of the same coin","volume":"28","author":"Dehesa-Santos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dehesa-Santos\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Iglesias-Linares\n              A.\n            \n          \n          East Asian and Southern European craniofacial Class III phenotype: two sides of the same coin? Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28:84."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"281","article-title":"Esthetic evaluation of profile photographs showing various sagittal and vertical patterns","volume":"159","author":"Tugran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tugran\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Baka\n              ZM.\n            \n          \n          Esthetic evaluation of profile photographs showing various sagittal and vertical patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;159:281\u2013291."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"889","article-title":"Reliability of the integrated radiograph-photograph method to obtain natural head position in cephalometric diagnosis","volume":"81","author":"Dvortsin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dvortsin\n              DP,\n            \n            \n              Ye\n              Q,\n            \n            \n              Pruim\n              GJ,\n            \n            \n              Dijkstra\n              PU,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          Reliability of the integrated radiograph-photograph method to obtain natural head position in cephalometric diagnosis. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:889\u2013894."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b03","series-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph","first-page":"9","article-title":"A novel contour-based registration of lateral cephalogram and profile photograph","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Zou\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              W.\n            \n          \n          A novel contour-based registration of lateral cephalogram and profile photograph. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2018;63:9\u201323."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Does artificial intelligence predict orthognathic surgical outcomes better than conventional linear regression methods","author":"Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            et al.\n          Does artificial intelligence predict orthognathic surgical outcomes better than conventional linear regression methods? Angle Orthod. 2024. doi:10.2319\/111423-756.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment outcome predictive performance differences between artificial intelligence and conventional methods","author":"Cho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Ko\n              DY,\n            \n            et al.\n          Orthodontic treatment outcome predictive performance differences between artificial intelligence and conventional methods. Angle Orthod. 2024. doi:10.2319\/111823-767.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"910","article-title":"Predicting soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery: the sparse partial least squares method","volume":"89","author":"Suh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suh\n              HY,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              HJ,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              YS,\n            \n            \n              Eo\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Predicting soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery: the sparse partial least squares method. Angle Orthod. 2019;89:910\u2013916."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b07","series-title":"Commun Stat Appl Methods","first-page":"65","article-title":"Modified partial least squares method implementing mixed-effect model","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Eo\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JW.\n            \n          \n          Modified partial least squares method implementing mixed-effect model. Commun Stat Appl Methods. 2023;30:65\u201373."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"207","article-title":"Comparison of individualized facial growth prediction models based on the partial least squares and artificial intelligence","volume":"94","author":"Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Shin\n              HK,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            et al.\n          Comparison of individualized facial growth prediction models based on the partial least squares and artificial intelligence. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:207\u2013215."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"705","article-title":"Evaluation of an individualized facial growth prediction model based on the multivariate partial least squares method","volume":"92","author":"Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of an individualized facial growth prediction model based on the multivariate partial least squares method. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:705\u2013713."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Evaluation of automated cephalometric analysis based on the latest deep learning method","volume":"91","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of automated cephalometric analysis based on the latest deep learning method. Angle Orthod. 2021;91:329\u2013335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"823","article-title":"How much deep learning is enough for automatic identification to be reliable","volume":"90","author":"Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Yu\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          How much deep learning is enough for automatic identification to be reliable? Angle Orthod. 2020;90:823\u2013830."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"390","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics","volume":"90","author":"Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics. Angle Orthod. 2020;90:390\u2013396."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"69","article-title":"Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: Part 2- Might it be better than human","volume":"90","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            et al.\n          Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: Part 2- Might it be better than human? Angle Orthod. 2020;90:69\u201376."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b14","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Sun\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.2016:770\u2013778."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"903","article-title":"Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: part 1\u2014comparisons between the latest deep-learning methods YOLOV3 and SSD","volume":"89","author":"Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            et al.\n          Automated identification of cephalometric landmarks: part 1\u2014comparisons between the latest deep-learning methods YOLOV3 and SSD. Angle Orthod. 2019;89:903\u2013909."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b16","article-title":"YOLOv3: an incremental improvement","author":"Redmon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redmon\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Farhadi\n              A.\n            \n          \n          YOLOv3: an incremental improvement. arXiv:1804.02767. 2018."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b17","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"45","article-title":"Reliability statistics every orthodontist should know","volume":"30","author":"Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moon\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Suh\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          Reliability statistics every orthodontist should know. Semin Orthod. 2024;30:45\u201349."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"272","article-title":"How to test validity in orthodontic research: a mixed dentition analysis example","volume":"147","author":"Donatelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donatelli\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              SJ.\n            \n          \n          How to test validity in orthodontic research: a mixed dentition analysis example. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:272\u2013279."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-6-595-b19","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team.","year":"2024","unstructured":"R Development Core Team.\n          \n          R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 2024. 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