{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:00:38Z","timestamp":1780484438350,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on vocal function in patients with bilateral maxillary crossbite.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We designed our research as a prospective, controlled, clinical study. The treatment group and the control group each had 20 subjects for a total of 40 subjects. Acoustic voice samples were recorded from all patients at T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    by the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP Model 5105) for acoustic analysis in Computerized Speech Lab (CSL).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups in the means of any parameters.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    RME does not change vocal quality or resonance, so it can be safely used with patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/010416-008.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T09:39:10Z","timestamp":1469612350000},"page":"49-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The effects of rapid maxillary expansion on voice function"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Gizem","family":"Yurttadur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faruk Ayhan","family":"Basc\u0131ftc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayhan","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"3","article-title":"Staley RN. Maxillary expansion: clinical implications","volume":"91","author":"Bishara \n              SE,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bishara \n              SE, \n            \n          \n          Staley RN. Maxillary expansion: clinical implications. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:3\u201314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"235","article-title":"Tongue posture improvement and pharyngeal airway enlargement as secondary effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"143","author":"Iwasaki \n              T,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iwasaki \n              T, \n            \n            \n              Saitoh \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Takemoto \n              Y, \n            \n            \n              Inada \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Kakuno \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Kanomi \n              R, \n            \n            et al. \n          Tongue posture improvement and pharyngeal airway enlargement as secondary effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:235\u2013245."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b03","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"315","article-title":"Skeletal and occlusal characteristics in mouth-breathing pre-school children","volume":"28","author":"Mattar \n              SE,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mattar \n              SE, \n            \n            \n              Anselmo-Lima \n              WT, \n            \n            \n              Valera \n              FC, \n            \n            \n              Matsumoto \n              MA. \n            \n          \n          Skeletal and occlusal characteristics in mouth-breathing pre-school children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2004;28:315\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"184","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and fan-type rapid maxillary expansion on dentofacial structures","volume":"74","author":"Doruk \n              C,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doruk \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Bicakci \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Basciftci \n              FA, \n            \n            \n              Agar \n              U, \n            \n            \n              Babacan \n              H. \n            \n          \n          A comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and fan-type rapid maxillary expansion on dentofacial structures. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:184\u2013194."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?","volume":"72","author":"Basciftci \n              FA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basciftci \n              FA, \n            \n            \n              Mutlu \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Karaman \n              AI, \n            \n            \n              Malkoc \n              S, \n            \n            \n              K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkolbasi \n              H. \n            \n          \n          Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?\n          Angle Orthod. 2002;72:118\u2013123."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"519","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on skeletal, dental, and nasal structures: a postero-anterior cephalometric study","volume":"22","author":"Cross \n              DL,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cross \n              DL, \n            \n            \n              McDonald \n              JP. \n            \n          \n          Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on skeletal, dental, and nasal structures: a postero-anterior cephalometric study. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:519\u2013528."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b07","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Results of 310 cases of rapid maxillary expansion selected for medical reasons","volume":"89","author":"Gray \n              LP.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gray \n              LP. \n            \n          \n          Results of 310 cases of rapid maxillary expansion selected for medical reasons. J Laryngol Otol. 1975;89:601\u2013614."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b08","series-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Interspeech 2005: Eurospeech 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology","article-title":"Voice quality in Down syndrome children treated with rapid maxillary expansion","author":"Moura \n              CP,","unstructured":"Moura \n              CP, \n            \n            \n              Andrade \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Cunha \n              LM, \n            \n            \n              Cunha \n              MJ, \n            \n            \n              Vilarinho \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Barros \n              H, \n            \n            et al. \n          Voice quality in Down syndrome children treated with rapid maxillary expansion. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Interspeech 2005: Eurospeech 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology; September 4\u20138, 2005; Lisbon, Portugal: 1073\u20131076."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b09","series-title":"Kulak Burun Bo\u011faz \u0130htis Derg","first-page":"225","article-title":"An evaluation of the effects of adenoidectomy on voice and speech function in children","volume":"23","author":"Kara \n              M,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kara \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Ozt\u00fcrk \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Ozer \n              B. \n            \n          \n          An evaluation of the effects of adenoidectomy on voice and speech function in children. Kulak Burun Bo\u011faz \u0130htis Derg. 2013Jul\u2013Aug19;23(4):225\u2013223. T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b10","series-title":"J Voice","first-page":"488","article-title":"Consequences of chronic nasal obstruction on the laryngeal mucosa and voice quality of 4- to 12-year-old children","volume":"26","author":"de L\u00e1bio \n              BR,","year":"2012","unstructured":"de L\u00e1bio \n              BR, \n            \n            \n              Tavares \n              EL, \n            \n            \n              Alvarado \n              RC, \n            \n            \n              Martins \n              RH. \n            \n          \n          Consequences of chronic nasal obstruction on the laryngeal mucosa and voice quality of 4- to 12-year-old children. J Voice. 2012;26:488\u2013492."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b11","series-title":"Clin Linguist Phon","first-page":"393","article-title":"The effects of surgical rapid maxillary expansion (SRME) on vowel formants","volume":"23","author":"Sari \n              E,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sari \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Kilic \n              MA. \n            \n          \n          The effects of surgical rapid maxillary expansion (SRME) on vowel formants. Clin Linguist Phon. 2009;23:393\u2013403."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b12","series-title":"Software Instruction Manual Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP), KayPENTAX","unstructured":"Software Instruction Manual Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP), KayPENTAX. Lincoln Park, NJ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b13","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"156","article-title":"Computer-assisted voice analysis: establishing a pediatric database","volume":"128","author":"Campisi \n              P,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campisi \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Tewfik, \n              TL, \n            \n            \n              Manoukian \n              JJ, \n            \n            \n              Schloss \n              MD, \n            \n            \n              Pelland-Blais \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Sadeghi, \n              N. \n            \n          \n          Computer-assisted voice analysis: establishing a pediatric database. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:156\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"373","article-title":"An acoustic-speech study of patients who received orthognathic surgery","volume":"88","author":"Bowers \n              J,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bowers \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Tobey \n              EA, \n            \n            \n              Shaye \n              R. \n            \n          \n          An acoustic-speech study of patients who received orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:373\u2013379."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b15","series-title":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","author":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr,","year":"2001","unstructured":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Brudon \n              WL. \n            \n          \n          Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Ann Arbor, MI: Needham Press;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b16","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"263","article-title":"Aerodynamic, acoustic, and perceptual changes following adenoidectomy","volume":"31","author":"Andreassen \n              ML,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andreassen \n              ML, \n            \n            \n              Leeper \n              HA, \n            \n            \n              MacRae \n              DL, \n            \n            \n              Nicholson \n              IR. \n            \n          \n          Aerodynamic, acoustic, and perceptual changes following adenoidectomy. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1994;31:263\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of Hawley retainers on consonants and formant frequencies of vowels","volume":"82","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kulak Kayikci ME, Akan S, Ciger S, Ozkan S. 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J Voice. 2015;29:140\u2013147."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b21","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Acoustic estimation of voice when incorrect resonance function of the nose takes place","volume":"69","author":"Niedzielska \n              G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niedzielska \n              G. \n            \n          \n          Acoustic estimation of voice when incorrect resonance function of the nose takes place. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69:1065\u20131069."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b22","series-title":"J Voice","first-page":"241","article-title":"Acoustic and perceptual characteristics of the voice in patients with vocal polyps after surgery and voice therapy","volume":"29","author":"Petrovic-Lazic \n              M,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petrovic-Lazic \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Jovanovic \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Kulic \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Babac \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Jurisic \n              V. \n            \n          \n          Acoustic and perceptual characteristics of the voice in patients with vocal polyps after surgery and voice therapy. J Voice. 2015;29:241\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b23","series-title":"J Voice","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on voice","author":"Macari \n              AT,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macari \n              AT, \n            \n            \n              Ziade \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Khandakji \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Tamim \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Hamdan \n              AL. \n            \n          \n          Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on voice. J Voice. 2015; Epub ahead of print."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"321","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes after maxillary expansion in the mixed dentition","volume":"111","author":"Sandik\u00e7io\u011flu \n              M,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sandik\u00e7io\u011flu \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Hazar \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Skeletal and dental changes after maxillary expansion in the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 ;111:321\u2013327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"48","article-title":"Influence of palatal expanders on oral comfort, speech, and mastication","volume":"137","author":"De Felippe \n              NL,","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Felippe \n              NL, \n            \n            \n              Da Silveira \n              AC, \n            \n            \n              Viana \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Smith \n              B. \n            \n          \n          Influence of palatal expanders on oral comfort, speech, and mastication. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:48\u201353."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"67","article-title":"Impact of a rapid palatal expander on speech articulation","volume":"140","author":"Stevens \n              K,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stevens \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Bressmann \n              T, \n            \n            \n              Gong \n              SG, \n            \n            \n              Tompson \n              BD. \n            \n          \n          Impact of a rapid palatal expander on speech articulation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:67\u201375."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b27","series-title":"J Acoustic Soc Am","first-page":"117","article-title":"Some results of research on speech perception","volume":"29","author":"Liberman \n              AM.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Liberman \n              AM. \n            \n          \n          Some results of research on speech perception. 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Maxillary expansion: clinical implications","volume":"91","author":"Bishara \n              SE,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bishara \n              SE, \n            \n          \n          Staley RN. Maxillary expansion: clinical implications. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:3\u201314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"235","article-title":"Tongue posture improvement and pharyngeal airway enlargement as secondary effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"143","author":"Iwasaki \n              T,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iwasaki \n              T, \n            \n            \n              Saitoh \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Takemoto \n              Y, \n            \n            \n              Inada \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Kakuno \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Kanomi \n              R, \n            \n            et al. \n          Tongue posture improvement and pharyngeal airway enlargement as secondary effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:235\u2013245."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b03","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"315","article-title":"Skeletal and occlusal characteristics in mouth-breathing pre-school children","volume":"28","author":"Mattar \n              SE,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mattar \n              SE, \n            \n            \n              Anselmo-Lima \n              WT, \n            \n            \n              Valera \n              FC, \n            \n            \n              Matsumoto \n              MA. \n            \n          \n          Skeletal and occlusal characteristics in mouth-breathing pre-school children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2004;28:315\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"184","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and fan-type rapid maxillary expansion on dentofacial structures","volume":"74","author":"Doruk \n              C,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doruk \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Bicakci \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Basciftci \n              FA, \n            \n            \n              Agar \n              U, \n            \n            \n              Babacan \n              H. \n            \n          \n          A comparison of the effects of rapid maxillary expansion and fan-type rapid maxillary expansion on dentofacial structures. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:184\u2013194."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?","volume":"72","author":"Basciftci \n              FA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basciftci \n              FA, \n            \n            \n              Mutlu \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Karaman \n              AI, \n            \n            \n              Malkoc \n              S, \n            \n            \n              K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkolbasi \n              H. \n            \n          \n          Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?\n          Angle Orthod. 2002;72:118\u2013123."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"519","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on skeletal, dental, and nasal structures: a postero-anterior cephalometric study","volume":"22","author":"Cross \n              DL,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cross \n              DL, \n            \n            \n              McDonald \n              JP. \n            \n          \n          Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on skeletal, dental, and nasal structures: a postero-anterior cephalometric study. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:519\u2013528."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b07","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"601","article-title":"Results of 310 cases of rapid maxillary expansion selected for medical reasons","volume":"89","author":"Gray \n              LP.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gray \n              LP. \n            \n          \n          Results of 310 cases of rapid maxillary expansion selected for medical reasons. J Laryngol Otol. 1975;89:601\u2013614."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b08","series-title":"Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Interspeech 2005: Eurospeech 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology","article-title":"Voice quality in Down syndrome children treated with rapid maxillary expansion","author":"Moura \n              CP,","unstructured":"Moura \n              CP, \n            \n            \n              Andrade \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Cunha \n              LM, \n            \n            \n              Cunha \n              MJ, \n            \n            \n              Vilarinho \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Barros \n              H, \n            \n            et al. \n          Voice quality in Down syndrome children treated with rapid maxillary expansion. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association. Interspeech 2005: Eurospeech 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology; September 4\u20138, 2005; Lisbon, Portugal: 1073\u20131076."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b09","series-title":"Kulak Burun Bo\u011faz \u0130htis Derg","first-page":"225","article-title":"An evaluation of the effects of adenoidectomy on voice and speech function in children","volume":"23","author":"Kara \n              M,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kara \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Ozt\u00fcrk \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Ozer \n              B. \n            \n          \n          An evaluation of the effects of adenoidectomy on voice and speech function in children. Kulak Burun Bo\u011faz \u0130htis Derg. 2013Jul\u2013Aug19;23(4):225\u2013223. T\u00fcrkiye."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b10","series-title":"J Voice","first-page":"488","article-title":"Consequences of chronic nasal obstruction on the laryngeal mucosa and voice quality of 4- to 12-year-old children","volume":"26","author":"de L\u00e1bio \n              BR,","year":"2012","unstructured":"de L\u00e1bio \n              BR, \n            \n            \n              Tavares \n              EL, \n            \n            \n              Alvarado \n              RC, \n            \n            \n              Martins \n              RH. \n            \n          \n          Consequences of chronic nasal obstruction on the laryngeal mucosa and voice quality of 4- to 12-year-old children. J Voice. 2012;26:488\u2013492."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b11","series-title":"Clin Linguist Phon","first-page":"393","article-title":"The effects of surgical rapid maxillary expansion (SRME) on vowel formants","volume":"23","author":"Sari \n              E,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sari \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Kilic \n              MA. \n            \n          \n          The effects of surgical rapid maxillary expansion (SRME) on vowel formants. Clin Linguist Phon. 2009;23:393\u2013403."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b12","series-title":"Software Instruction Manual Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP), KayPENTAX","unstructured":"Software Instruction Manual Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP), KayPENTAX. Lincoln Park, NJ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b13","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"156","article-title":"Computer-assisted voice analysis: establishing a pediatric database","volume":"128","author":"Campisi \n              P,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campisi \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Tewfik, \n              TL, \n            \n            \n              Manoukian \n              JJ, \n            \n            \n              Schloss \n              MD, \n            \n            \n              Pelland-Blais \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Sadeghi, \n              N. \n            \n          \n          Computer-assisted voice analysis: establishing a pediatric database. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:156\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"373","article-title":"An acoustic-speech study of patients who received orthognathic surgery","volume":"88","author":"Bowers \n              J,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bowers \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Tobey \n              EA, \n            \n            \n              Shaye \n              R. \n            \n          \n          An acoustic-speech study of patients who received orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:373\u2013379."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-49-b15","series-title":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","author":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr,","year":"2001","unstructured":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Brudon \n              WL. \n            \n          \n          Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 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