{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:51:22Z","timestamp":1787025082392,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test the validity of four different types of lateral cephalometric radiograph (LCR) measurements as a diagnostic test of adenoid hypertrophy in different age groups of mouth-breathing children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-six mouth-breathing children (male 54.65%, mean age 7.0 \u00b1 2.2\u00a0years) were randomly selected from a hospital population. Adenoid obstruction of the nasopharynx was evaluated by subjective, linear, ratio, and area LCR measurements. Each measurement was compared with flexible fiberoptic endoscopy diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kendall correlation coefficients for agreement between tests were \u2265 0.67 and kappa scores were substantial (\u2265 0.64). Higher correlation coefficients and agreement values were found in older age groups. When the sample was stratified by age, the 3- to 5-year-old age group showed lower correlation coefficients and agreement strength for subjective, linear, and ratio measurements. The sensitivity of LCR varied from 71% (ratio) to 84% (linear). The specificity varied from 83% (linear) to 97% (ratio). The positive predictive value varied from 88% (linear) to 97% (ratio). The negative predictive value varied from 70% (ratio) to 78% (linear). The validity of each measure was different among the age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LCR is a valid method for measuring adenoid hypertrophy in children from 6 to 12\u00a0years old. The diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy, based on LCR measurements, in children with primary dentition (3\u20135\u00a0years old) should be made with caution. The combination of linear and ratio LCR measurements is a reliable screening tool to determine the need for an ear, nose, and throat evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/010612-13.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]],"date-time":"2012-03-19T10:52:32Z","timestamp":1332154352000},"page":"1001-1007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Reliability of subjective, linear, ratio and area cephalometric measurements in assessing adenoid hypertrophy among different age groups"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Marcelo Quiroga","family":"Souki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Undergraduate Program in Speech Pathology, Izabela Hendrix Methodist University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Quiroga","family":"Souki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Orthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Paiva","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngologist, Outpatient Clinic for Mouth-Breathers, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Maria Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Chief, Outpatient Clinic for Mouth-Breathers, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eust\u00e1quio Afonso","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Director, Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-6-1001-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"George Catlin's concept on mouth breathing, as presented by Dr. Edward H. 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