{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:39:57Z","timestamp":1792193997268,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To determine the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in prospective orthodontic patients. The association between TMDs and malocclusion severity as well as the impact of TMDs on oral health\u2013related quality of life (OHRQoL) were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 350 consecutive patients seeking orthodontic treatment were invited to participate in the study. The presence of TMDs was established with the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), while malocclusion severity and OHRQoL were evaluated using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and Oral Health Impact Profile\u201314 (OHIP-14), respectively. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n tests and Spearman's correlation (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 350 patients, 164 consented to participation. Data from 26 participants were excluded because of incomplete entries, and that from 138 subjects (mean age 21.02 \u00b1 5.45 years) were examined. TMD-related symptoms were present in two-thirds of the subjects, with 20.3% experiencing moderate\/severe TMDs. While no significant difference in PAR scores were observed between the group with no TMDs and those with TMDs, subjects with TMDs had significantly higher OHIP-14 summary\/domain scores than those without TMDs. Although a moderately strong correlation was observed between the FAI and summary OHIP-14 scores (\n \n r\n s<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n = 0.57), no association was observed between FAI and PAR index scores.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of TMD-related symptoms in prospective orthodontic patients was high, emphasizing the importance of screening the masticatory system before initiating orthodontic therapy. Although the presence of TMDs was not associated with malocclusion severity, it had a significant negative impact on OHRQoL.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/010720-863.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T14:47:42Z","timestamp":1612536462000},"page":"377-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Temporomandibular disorders in prospective orthodontic patients:"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Adrian Ujin","family":"Yap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung Chew","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi","family":"Yow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b01","series-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent","first-page":"503","article-title":"Relationship between the severity of malocclusion and oral health related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun\n L,\n \n \n Wong\n HM,\n \n \n McGrath\n CP.\n \n \n Relationship between the severity of malocclusion and oral health related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Health Prev Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t15:\n\t\t\t\t\t503\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t517."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b02","series-title":"Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2000","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health.\n \n Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tBethesda, Md:\n\t\t\t\t\tNIH Publication;2000."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b03","series-title":"Am Fam Physician","first-page":"378","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders","volume":"91","author":"Gauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gauer\n RL,\n \n \n Semidey\n MJ.\n \n \n Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm Fam Physician.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t91:\n\t\t\t\t\t378\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b04","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"291","article-title":"Lindstr\u00f6m Ndanshau E, Sandberg A, Tsilingaridis G. Prevalence and treatment strategies regarding temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Christidis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christidis\n N,\n \n \n Lindstr\u00f6m Ndanshau E, Sandberg A, Tsilingaridis G. 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J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t18:\n\t\t\t\t\t163\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t167."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b10","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"284","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile","volume":"25","author":"Slade","year":"1997","unstructured":"Slade\n GD.\n \n \n Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile.\n\t\t\t\t\tCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t25:\n\t\t\t\t\t284\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t290."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"125","article-title":"The development of the PAR index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity","volume":"14","author":"Richmond","year":"1992","unstructured":"Richmond\n S,\n \n \n Shaw\n WC,\n \n \n O'Brien\n KD,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n The development of the PAR index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t14:\n\t\t\t\t\t125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b12","series-title":"Acta Odontol Latinoam","first-page":"16","article-title":"Comparison of instruments used to select and classify patients with temporomandibular disorder","volume":"31","author":"Pastore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pastore\n GP,\n \n \n Goulart\n DR,\n \n \n Pastore\n PR,\n \n \n Prati\n AJ,\n \n \n de Moraes\n M.\n \n \n Comparison of instruments used to select and classify patients with temporomandibular disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Odontol Latinoam.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t31:\n\t\t\t\t\t16\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t22."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b13","series-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther","first-page":"404","article-title":"Accuracy of the Fonseca anamnestic index in the identification of myogenous temporomandibular disorder in female community cases","volume":"19","author":"Berni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berni\n KC,\n \n \n Dibai-Filho\n AV,\n \n \n Rodrigues-Bigaton\n D.\n \n \n Accuracy of the Fonseca anamnestic index in the identification of myogenous temporomandibular disorder in female community cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bodyw Mov Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t19:\n\t\t\t\t\t404\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t409."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b14","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"313","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Fonseca anamnestic index for temporomandibular disorders","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang\n MJ,\n \n \n Yap\n AU,\n \n \n Lei\n J,\n \n \n Fu\n KY.\n \n \n Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Fonseca anamnestic index for temporomandibular disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t47:\n\t\t\t\t\t313\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"756","article-title":"Irfan Ali NM, Ansari A. Temporomandibular disorder symptoms and their association with quality of life, emotional states and sleep quality in South-East Asian youths","volume":"45","author":"Natu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Natu\n VP,\n \n \n Yap\n AU,\n \n \n Su\n MH,\n \n \n Irfan Ali NM, Ansari A. Temporomandibular disorder symptoms and their association with quality of life, emotional states and sleep quality in South-East Asian youths.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t756\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t763."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b16","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"692","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts","volume":"37","author":"List","year":"2017","unstructured":"List\n T,\n \n \n Jensen\n RH.\n \n \n Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts.\n\t\t\t\t\tCephalalgia.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t37:\n\t\t\t\t\t692\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t704."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b17","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"908","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders and dental occlusion: a systematic review of association studies: end of an era?","volume":"44","author":"Manfredini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manfredini\n D,\n \n \n Lombardo\n L,\n \n \n Siciliani\n G.\n \n \n Temporomandibular disorders and dental occlusion: a systematic review of association studies: end of an era?\n \n J Oral Rehabil\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t908\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t923."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b18","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"211","article-title":"Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults: a systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"35","author":"Gesch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gesch\n D,\n \n \n Bernhardt\n O,\n \n \n Kirbschus\n A.\n \n \n Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults: a systematic review of population-based studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tQuintessence Int.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t211\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"319","article-title":"Malocclusion and temporomandibular disorder: a comparison of adolescents with moderate to severe dysfunction with those without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and their further development to 30 years of age","volume":"74","author":"Mohlin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mohlin\n BO,\n \n \n Derweduwen\n K,\n \n \n Pilley\n R,\n \n \n Kingdon\n A,\n \n \n Shaw\n WC,\n \n \n Kenealy\n P.\n \n \n Malocclusion and temporomandibular disorder: a comparison of adolescents with moderate to severe dysfunction with those without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and their further development to 30 years of age.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t74:\n\t\t\t\t\t319\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b20","series-title":"J Orofac Pain","first-page":"21","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder subtypes, psychologic distress, and psychosocial dysfunction in Asian patients","volume":"17","author":"Yap","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yap\n AU,\n \n \n Dworkin\n SF,\n \n \n Chua\n EK,\n \n \n List\n T,\n \n \n Tan\n KB,\n \n \n Tan\n HH.\n \n \n Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder subtypes, psychologic distress, and psychosocial dysfunction in Asian patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Pain.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t17:\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t28."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"704","article-title":"Occlusal characteristics and quality of life before and after treatment of severe malocclusion","volume":"34","author":"Silvola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silvola\n AS,\n \n \n Rusanen\n J,\n \n \n Tolvanen\n M,\n \n \n Pirttiniemi\n P,\n \n \n Lahti\n S.\n \n \n Occlusal characteristics and quality of life before and after treatment of severe malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t704\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t709."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"512","article-title":"Pathways between temporomandibular disorders, 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Prevalence and treatment strategies regarding temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t291\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t301."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b05","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"80","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Dahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dahlstr\u00f6m\n L,\n \n \n Carlsson\n GE.\n \n \n Temporomandibular disorders and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Odontol Scand.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t68:\n\t\t\t\t\t80\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t85."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b06","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"161","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction and its association with malocclusion in children: an epidemiologic study","volume":"41","author":"Bilgi\u00e7","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bilgi\u00e7\n F,\n \n \n Gelg\u00f6r\n \u0130E.\n \n \n Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction and its association with malocclusion in children: an epidemiologic study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Pediatr Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t161\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t165."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b07","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"270","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in patients seeking orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai\n YC,\n \n \n Yap\n AU,\n \n \n T\u00fcrp\n JC.\n \n \n Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in patients seeking orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t47:\n\t\t\t\t\t270\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t280."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b08","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders among the orthodontic patients using Fonseca's questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain\n S,\n \n \n Chourse\n S,\n \n \n Jain\n D.\n \n \n Prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders among the orthodontic patients using Fonseca's questionnaire.\n\t\t\t\t\tContemp Clin Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t9:\n\t\t\t\t\t31\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t34."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b09","series-title":"Braz Dent J","first-page":"163","article-title":"Use of the Fonseca's questionnaire to assess the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders in Brazilian dental undergraduates","volume":"18","author":"Nomura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nomura\n K,\n \n \n Vitti\n M,\n \n \n Oliveira\n AS,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Use of the Fonseca's questionnaire to assess the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders in Brazilian dental undergraduates.\n\t\t\t\t\tBraz Dent 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Temporomandibular disorder symptoms and their association with quality of life, emotional states and sleep quality in South-East Asian youths","volume":"45","author":"Natu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Natu\n VP,\n \n \n Yap\n AU,\n \n \n Su\n MH,\n \n \n Irfan Ali NM, Ansari A. 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adolescents with moderate to severe dysfunction with those without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and their further development to 30 years of age","volume":"74","author":"Mohlin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mohlin\n BO,\n \n \n Derweduwen\n K,\n \n \n Pilley\n R,\n \n \n Kingdon\n A,\n \n \n Shaw\n WC,\n \n \n Kenealy\n P.\n \n \n Malocclusion and temporomandibular disorder: a comparison of adolescents with moderate to severe dysfunction with those without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and their further development to 30 years of age.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t74:\n\t\t\t\t\t319\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t327."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b20","series-title":"J Orofac Pain","first-page":"21","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder subtypes, psychologic distress, and psychosocial dysfunction in Asian patients","volume":"17","author":"Yap","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yap\n AU,\n \n \n Dworkin\n SF,\n \n \n 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occlusal characteristics, facial pain, and oral health-related quality of life among patients with severe malocclusion","volume":"34","author":"Rusanen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rusanen\n J,\n \n \n Silvola\n AS,\n \n \n Tolvanen\n M,\n \n \n Pirttiniemi\n P,\n \n \n Lahti\n S,\n \n \n Sipil\u00e4\n K.\n \n \n Pathways between temporomandibular disorders, occlusal characteristics, facial pain, and oral health-related quality of life among patients with severe malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t512\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t517."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-3-377-b23","series-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache","first-page":"6","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiffman\n E,\n \n \n Ohrbach\n R,\n \n \n Truelove\n E,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Facial Pain Headache.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t28:\n\t\t\t\t\t6\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t27."}],"container-title":["The Angle 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