{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:06:53Z","timestamp":1792541213572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Objective: To determine the head posture and cephalometric characteristics in oral breathing children.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms taken in natural head posture of 35 oral breathing patients (OB) (mean age 8.8 \u00b1 2.2 years SD; range 5\u201313 years) and of 35 patients with varied malocclusions and physiological breathing (PB) (mean age 9.7 \u00b1 1.6 years SD; range 7\u201313 years) were examined.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: A Student's t-test showed that an increase in angles NSL\/OPT (P = .000), NSL\/CVT (P = .001), FH\/OPT (P = .000), FH\/CVT (P = .005), and NSL\/VER (P = .000); a decrease in the distance MGP-CV1p (P = .0001); and a decrease in the angles MGP\/OP (P = .000) and OPT\/ CVT (P = .036) were found in the OB group. A low position of the hyoid bone (H-MP, P = .009), a major skeletal divergence (ANS-PNS\/Go-Me, P = .000), and an increased value of the ANB angle (P = .023) were present in OB patients. To ascertain if the changes in posture were connected with posterior obstruction of the upper respiratory airways, the OB group was divided into two subgroups based on the distance Ad2-PNS being greater than or less than 15 mm. No significant differences were found between these two groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: Our data suggest that OB children show greater extension of the head related to the cervical spine, reduced cervical lordosis, and more skeletal divergence, compared with PB subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/011507-18.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,15]],"date-time":"2007-08-15T16:52:19Z","timestamp":1187196739000},"page":"77-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Oral Breathing and Head Posture"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Antonino Marco","family":"Cuccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Staff Scientist, Department of Dental Sciences and Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Lotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"b Research Assistant, Department of Dental Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Caradonna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"c Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Gnathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70078-7","article-title":"Nasorespiratory function and head posture.","volume":"112","author":"Huggare","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90003-4","article-title":"Morphologic response to changes in neuromuscular patterns experimentally induced by altered modes of respiration.","volume":"85","author":"Vargervik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b3","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth.","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(68)90218-2","article-title":"Respiratory obstruction syndrome.","volume":"54","author":"Ricketts","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b5","first-page":"171","article-title":"Changes in head posture after rapid maxillary in mouth-breathing girls: a controlled study.","volume":"75","author":"Tecco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2004.004","article-title":"Induced oral breathing and craniocervical postural relations: an experimental study in healthy young adults.","volume":"22","author":"Sforza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90081-0","article-title":"Experimental manipulations of head posture.","volume":"77","author":"Vig","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90371-3","article-title":"Analysis of simulated upper airway breathing.","volume":"86","author":"Warren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120411710800_i0003-3219-078-01-0077-b9","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Adenoids. 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