{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:06:05Z","timestamp":1780067165172,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess mandibular lingual bone thickness changes after molar distalization with microimplants and during retention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one patients (10 men, 11 women; mean age: 20.5 \u00b1 4.9 years) who underwent mandibular molar distalization with microimplants were included. Cone-beam computed tomography images at pretreatment (T0), posttreatment (T1), and retention (T2) were used to measure posterior space available and lingual bone thickness distal to the mandibular second molar at 0-, 2-, 4-, and 6-mm levels apical to the root furcation. Repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction was applied to compare T0, T1, and T2 measurements. Pearson\u2019s correlation analysis assessed the relationship between lingual bone thickness change and other variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mandibular second molar moved distally by 3.0 mm at crown level, and 1.2\u20131.8 mm at root level, after treatment. Posterior space available decreased significantly with root-cortex contact or radiographic lingual bone dehiscence observed at 6-mm root level. After retention, reduced cortical bone thickness increased significantly; however, T2 lingual bone thickness was less than T0. Although the decrease in lingual bone thickness at 6-mm root level correlated with crown and root distal movement after treatment, the increase in bone thickness during retention was not associated with tooth movement, patient age, or retention duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mandibular lingual bone thickness noticeably decreased after molar distalization with microimplants. After retention, significant bone recovery formation was observed at the thinned lingual cortex or radiographic bone dehiscence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/011625-58.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:32:15Z","timestamp":1752107535000},"page":"603-610","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recovery bone formation over radiographic lingual bone dehiscence after mandibular molar distalization with microimplants"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Ho-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DDS, MSD, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Kyu","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDS, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Sang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDS, MSD, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","first-page":"657","article-title":"Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment","author":"Proffit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Proffit WR,\nSarver DM. Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment. In: \nProf\ufb01t WR,\nFields HW,\nLarson BE,\nSarver DM, eds. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier; 2019:657\u2013709."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae [published correction appears in Angle Orthod. 1996;66(4):246]","volume":"66","author":"Handelman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Handelman CS. The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae [published correction appears in Angle Orthod. 1996;66(4):246]. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:95\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"811","article-title":"Differences in distances between maxillary posterior root apices and the sinus floor according to skeletal pattern","volume":"152","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahn NL,\nPark HS. Differences in distances between maxillary posterior root apices and the sinus floor according to skeletal pattern. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152:811\u2013819."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"278","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: its in\ufb02uence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wainwright WM. Faciolingual tooth movement: its in\ufb02uence on the root and cortical plate. Am J Orthod. 1973;64:278\u2013302."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"497","article-title":"Alveolar bone thickness and height changes following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants","volume":"92","author":"Hung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hung BQ,\nHong M,\nKyung HM,\nKim HJ. Alveolar bone thickness and height changes following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:497\u2013504."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"460","article-title":"Predicting lower third molar eruption on panoramic radiographs after cephalometric comparison of pro\ufb01le and panoramic radiographs","volume":"35","author":"Begtrup","year":"2013","unstructured":"Begtrup A,\nGr\u00f8nast\u00f8\u00f0 H\u00c1,\nChristensen IJ,\nKj\u00e6r I. Predicting lower third molar eruption on panoramic radiographs after cephalometric comparison of pro\ufb01le and panoramic radiographs. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:460\u2013466."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"367","article-title":"Growth and treatment changes distal to the mandibular \ufb01rst molar: a lateral cephalometric study","volume":"74","author":"Sable","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sable DL,\nWoods MG. Growth and treatment changes distal to the mandibular \ufb01rst molar: a lateral cephalometric study. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:367\u2013374."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b08","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"305","article-title":"Anatomical limits for distalization of lower posterior molars with micro-implant anchorage","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim HJ,\nJang WS,\nPark HS. Anatomical limits for distalization of lower posterior molars with micro-implant anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 2019;53:305\u2013313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"52","article-title":"Bone availability for mandibular molar distalization in adults with mandibular prognathism","volume":"88","author":"Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi YT,\nKim YJ,\nYang KS,\nLee DY. Bone availability for mandibular molar distalization in adults with mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:52\u201357."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim SJ,\nChoi TH,\nBaik HS,\nPark YC,\nLee KJ. Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:190\u2013197."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"623","article-title":"More molar distal movement than pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography posterior space available at the root level in mandibular dentition distalization with microimplants","volume":"94","author":"Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun D,\nKim HJ,\nNoh HK,\nPark HS. More molar distal movement than pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography posterior space available at the root level in mandibular dentition distalization with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:623\u2013630."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"168","article-title":"Recovery bone formation on radiographic palatal bone dehiscences after incisor retraction with microimplants","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ,\nNoh HK,\nPark HS. Recovery bone formation on radiographic palatal bone dehiscences after incisor retraction with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:168\u2013179."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"108","article-title":"Long-term changes of the anterior palatal alveolar bone after treatment with bialveolar protrusion, evaluated with computed tomography","volume":"153","author":"Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae SM,\nKim HJ,\nKyung HM. Long-term changes of the anterior palatal alveolar bone after treatment with bialveolar protrusion, evaluated with computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153:108\u2013117."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b14","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"512","article-title":"The potential for regeneration of mandibular lingual cortical bone after en masse molar distalization","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim HJ,\nPark HS. The potential for regeneration of mandibular lingual cortical bone after en masse molar distalization. J Clin Orthod. 2023;57:512\u2013521."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b15","series-title":"Efficient Use of Microimplants in Orthodontics","first-page":"75","article-title":"Distalization of entire dentitions with microimplants","author":"Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park HS. Distalization of entire dentitions with microimplants. In: \nPark HS, ed. Efficient Use of Microimplants in Orthodontics. Daegu, Koea: Dentos Co, Ltd; 2015; 75\u2013145."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"473","article-title":"Rapid 3D mandibular superimposition for growing patients","volume":"87","author":"Koerich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koerich L,\nWeissheimer A,\nde Menezes LM,\nLindauer SJ. Rapid 3D mandibular superimposition for growing patients. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:473\u2013479."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0157625","article-title":"3D Mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration","volume":"11","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruellas AC,\nYatabe MS,\nSouki BQ, et al. 3D Mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0157625."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b18","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Tooth-PDL-bone complex: response to compressive loads encountered during mastication - a review","volume":"57","author":"Naveh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naveh GR,\nLev-Tov Chattah N,\nZaslansky P,\nShahar R,\nWeiner S. Tooth-PDL-bone complex: response to compressive loads encountered during mastication - a review. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57:1575\u20131584."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"170","article-title":"Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults","volume":"142","author":"Horner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horner KA,\nBehrents RG,\nKim KB,\nBuschang PH. Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:170\u2013178."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"278","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wainwright WM. Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate. Am J Orthod. 1973;64:278\u2013302."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b21","series-title":"J Oral Biosci","first-page":"72","article-title":"Potential of periodontal ligament cells to regenerate alveolar bone","volume":"52","author":"Hosoya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hosoya A,\nNinomiya T,\nHiraga T, et al. Potential of periodontal ligament cells to regenerate alveolar bone. J Oral Biosci. 2010;52:72\u201380."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b22","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"4541","article-title":"Role of periosteum during healing of alveolar critical size bone defects in the mandible: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Duong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duong LT,\nPetit S,\nKerner S, et al. Role of periosteum during healing of alveolar critical size bone defects in the mandible: a pilot study. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:4541\u20134552."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b23","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"77","article-title":"The width of lingual mandibular attached gingiva","volume":"49","author":"Voigt","year":"1978","unstructured":"Voigt JP,\nGoran ML,\nFlesher RM. The width of lingual mandibular attached gingiva. J Periodontol. 1978;49:77\u201380."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b24","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"623","article-title":"The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health","volume":"43","author":"Lang","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lang NP,\nL\u00f6e H. The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health. J Periodontol. 1972;43:623\u2013627."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b25","series-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent","first-page":"432","article-title":"Periodontal phenotype: A review of historical and current classifications evaluating different methods and characteristics","volume":"33","author":"Malpartida-Carrillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malpartida-Carrillo V,\nTinedo-Lopez PL,\nGuerrero ME,\nAmaya-Pajares SP,\n\u00d6zcan M,\nR\u00f6sing CK. Periodontal phenotype: A review of historical and current classifications evaluating different methods and characteristics. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2021;33:432\u2013445."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption","volume":"114","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horiuchi A,\nHotokezaka H,\nKobayashi K. Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:311\u2013318."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b27","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"508","article-title":"Effects of root-cortex relationship, root shape, and impaction side on treatment duration and root resorption of impacted canines","volume":"43","author":"Amuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amuk M,\nGul Amuk N,\nOzturk T. Effects of root-cortex relationship, root shape, and impaction side on treatment duration and root resorption of impacted canines. Eur J Orthod. 2021;43:508\u2013515."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","first-page":"657","article-title":"Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment","author":"Proffit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Proffit WR,\nSarver DM. Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment. In: \nProf\ufb01t WR,\nFields HW,\nLarson BE,\nSarver DM, eds. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier; 2019:657\u2013709."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae [published correction appears in Angle Orthod. 1996;66(4):246]","volume":"66","author":"Handelman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Handelman CS. The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae [published correction appears in Angle Orthod. 1996;66(4):246]. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:95\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"811","article-title":"Differences in distances between maxillary posterior root apices and the sinus floor according to skeletal pattern","volume":"152","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahn NL,\nPark HS. Differences in distances between maxillary posterior root apices and the sinus floor according to skeletal pattern. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152:811\u2013819."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"278","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: its in\ufb02uence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wainwright WM. Faciolingual tooth movement: its in\ufb02uence on the root and cortical plate. Am J Orthod. 1973;64:278\u2013302."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"497","article-title":"Alveolar bone thickness and height changes following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants","volume":"92","author":"Hung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hung BQ,\nHong M,\nKyung HM,\nKim HJ. Alveolar bone thickness and height changes following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:497\u2013504."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"460","article-title":"Predicting lower third molar eruption on panoramic radiographs after cephalometric comparison of pro\ufb01le and panoramic radiographs","volume":"35","author":"Begtrup","year":"2013","unstructured":"Begtrup A,\nGr\u00f8nast\u00f8\u00f0 H\u00c1,\nChristensen IJ,\nKj\u00e6r I. Predicting lower third molar eruption on panoramic radiographs after cephalometric comparison of pro\ufb01le and panoramic radiographs. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:460\u2013466."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"367","article-title":"Growth and treatment changes distal to the mandibular \ufb01rst molar: a lateral cephalometric study","volume":"74","author":"Sable","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sable DL,\nWoods MG. Growth and treatment changes distal to the mandibular \ufb01rst molar: a lateral cephalometric study. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:367\u2013374."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b08","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"305","article-title":"Anatomical limits for distalization of lower posterior molars with micro-implant anchorage","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim HJ,\nJang WS,\nPark HS. Anatomical limits for distalization of lower posterior molars with micro-implant anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 2019;53:305\u2013313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"52","article-title":"Bone availability for mandibular molar distalization in adults with mandibular prognathism","volume":"88","author":"Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi YT,\nKim YJ,\nYang KS,\nLee DY. Bone availability for mandibular molar distalization in adults with mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:52\u201357."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim SJ,\nChoi TH,\nBaik HS,\nPark YC,\nLee KJ. Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:190\u2013197."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"623","article-title":"More molar distal movement than pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography posterior space available at the root level in mandibular dentition distalization with microimplants","volume":"94","author":"Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun D,\nKim HJ,\nNoh HK,\nPark HS. More molar distal movement than pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography posterior space available at the root level in mandibular dentition distalization with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:623\u2013630."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"168","article-title":"Recovery bone formation on radiographic palatal bone dehiscences after incisor retraction with microimplants","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ,\nNoh HK,\nPark HS. Recovery bone formation on radiographic palatal bone dehiscences after incisor retraction with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:168\u2013179."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"108","article-title":"Long-term changes of the anterior palatal alveolar bone after treatment with bialveolar protrusion, evaluated with computed tomography","volume":"153","author":"Bae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae SM,\nKim HJ,\nKyung HM. Long-term changes of the anterior palatal alveolar bone after treatment with bialveolar protrusion, evaluated with computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153:108\u2013117."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b14","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"512","article-title":"The potential for regeneration of mandibular lingual cortical bone after en masse molar distalization","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim HJ,\nPark HS. The potential for regeneration of mandibular lingual cortical bone after en masse molar distalization. J Clin Orthod. 2023;57:512\u2013521."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b15","series-title":"Efficient Use of Microimplants in Orthodontics","first-page":"75","article-title":"Distalization of entire dentitions with microimplants","author":"Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park HS. Distalization of entire dentitions with microimplants. In: \nPark HS, ed. Efficient Use of Microimplants in Orthodontics. Daegu, Koea: Dentos Co, Ltd; 2015; 75\u2013145."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"473","article-title":"Rapid 3D mandibular superimposition for growing patients","volume":"87","author":"Koerich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koerich L,\nWeissheimer A,\nde Menezes LM,\nLindauer SJ. Rapid 3D mandibular superimposition for growing patients. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:473\u2013479."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0157625","article-title":"3D Mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration","volume":"11","author":"Ruellas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruellas AC,\nYatabe MS,\nSouki BQ, et al. 3D Mandibular superimposition: comparison of regions of reference for voxel-based registration. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0157625."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b18","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Tooth-PDL-bone complex: response to compressive loads encountered during mastication - a review","volume":"57","author":"Naveh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naveh GR,\nLev-Tov Chattah N,\nZaslansky P,\nShahar R,\nWeiner S. Tooth-PDL-bone complex: response to compressive loads encountered during mastication - a review. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57:1575\u20131584."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"170","article-title":"Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults","volume":"142","author":"Horner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horner KA,\nBehrents RG,\nKim KB,\nBuschang PH. Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:170\u2013178."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"278","article-title":"Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate","volume":"64","author":"Wainwright","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wainwright WM. Faciolingual tooth movement: its influence on the root and cortical plate. Am J Orthod. 1973;64:278\u2013302."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b21","series-title":"J Oral Biosci","first-page":"72","article-title":"Potential of periodontal ligament cells to regenerate alveolar bone","volume":"52","author":"Hosoya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hosoya A,\nNinomiya T,\nHiraga T, et al. Potential of periodontal ligament cells to regenerate alveolar bone. J Oral Biosci. 2010;52:72\u201380."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b22","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"4541","article-title":"Role of periosteum during healing of alveolar critical size bone defects in the mandible: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Duong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duong LT,\nPetit S,\nKerner S, et al. Role of periosteum during healing of alveolar critical size bone defects in the mandible: a pilot study. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:4541\u20134552."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b23","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"77","article-title":"The width of lingual mandibular attached gingiva","volume":"49","author":"Voigt","year":"1978","unstructured":"Voigt JP,\nGoran ML,\nFlesher RM. The width of lingual mandibular attached gingiva. J Periodontol. 1978;49:77\u201380."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b24","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"623","article-title":"The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health","volume":"43","author":"Lang","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lang NP,\nL\u00f6e H. The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health. J Periodontol. 1972;43:623\u2013627."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b25","series-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent","first-page":"432","article-title":"Periodontal phenotype: A review of historical and current classifications evaluating different methods and characteristics","volume":"33","author":"Malpartida-Carrillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malpartida-Carrillo V,\nTinedo-Lopez PL,\nGuerrero ME,\nAmaya-Pajares SP,\n\u00d6zcan M,\nR\u00f6sing CK. Periodontal phenotype: A review of historical and current classifications evaluating different methods and characteristics. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2021;33:432\u2013445."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption","volume":"114","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horiuchi A,\nHotokezaka H,\nKobayashi K. Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:311\u2013318."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-6-603-b27","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"508","article-title":"Effects of root-cortex relationship, root shape, and impaction side on treatment duration and root resorption of impacted canines","volume":"43","author":"Amuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amuk M,\nGul Amuk N,\nOzturk T. Effects of root-cortex relationship, root shape, and impaction side on treatment duration and root resorption of impacted canines. 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