{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:06:01Z","timestamp":1780067161621,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To obtain views of orthodontists in the United Kingdom on frenectomy in terms of its indications and timing and a recommended retention regimen after correction of median diastema.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A 14-item online questionnaire was sent to orthodontic specialists for completion. The questionnaire covered demographics and orthodontists' experience and views on frenectomy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Three hundred and fifty-three orthodontists with various background and experience responded to the survey. Three-quarters of respondents routinely performed a blanche test to aid diagnosis of the abnormal frenum; however, only 15% carried out radiographic investigation. Three-quarters of the orthodontists would consider frenectomy as a part of orthodontic treatment, and variation existed among the clinicians in terms of its timing. Frenectomy without orthodontic treatment was not preferred. There was much variation in the retention regimen after diastema closure regardless of frenectomy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Complete consensus among the orthodontists was not obtained; however, some agreement was found regarding the development of a logical diagnosis and treatment approach. High-quality studies are required to produce national protocols or UK guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/011822-56.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T10:07:15Z","timestamp":1658398035000},"page":"780-786","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Labial frenectomy: current clinical practice of orthodontists in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"John HyunBaek","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"55","article-title":"Management of diastemas in orthodontics","volume":"61","author":"Bishara","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE.\n \n \n Management of diastemas in orthodontics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1972;61:55\u201363."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"183","article-title":"The face of a normal child (diagnosis, development)","volume":"7","author":"Broadbent","year":"1937","unstructured":"Broadbent\n BH.\n \n \n The face of a normal child (diagnosis, development).\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1937;7:183\u2013208."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b03","series-title":"Dent Pract Dent Rec","first-page":"287","article-title":"Midline spaces","volume":"17","author":"Gardiner","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gardiner\n JH.\n \n \n Midline spaces.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Pract Dent Rec.\n\t\t\t\t\t1967;17:287\u2013298."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"646","article-title":"Clinical observations relating to the normal and abnormal frenum labii superioris","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"1939","unstructured":"Taylor\n JE.\n \n \n Clinical observations relating to the normal and abnormal frenum labii superioris.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Oral Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1939;25:646\u2013650."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b05","series-title":"Dent Pract Dent Rec","first-page":"276","article-title":"The incidence of median diastema during the eruption of the permanent teeth","volume":"17","author":"Weyman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Weyman\n J.\n \n \n The incidence of median diastema during the eruption of the permanent teeth.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Pract Dent Rec.\n\t\t\t\t\t1967;17:276\u2013278."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"489","article-title":"The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study","volume":"71","author":"Edwards","year":"1977","unstructured":"Edwards\n JG.\n \n \n The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977;71:489\u2013508."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b07","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"171","article-title":"The midline diastema: a review of its etiology and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huang\n WJ\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCreathCJ.\n The midline diastema: a review of its etiology and treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;17:171\u2013179."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b08","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"56","article-title":"Laser labial frenectomy: a simplified and predictable technique: retrospective clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Olivi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olivi\n M\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGenoveseMD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOliviG.\n Laser labial frenectomy: a simplified and predictable technique: retrospective clinical study.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Paediatr Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;19:56\u201360."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b09","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"891","article-title":"Significance of the labial frenum attachment in periodontal disease in man. Part 1. Classification and epidemiology of the labial frenum attachment","volume":"45","author":"Mirko","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mirko\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMiroslavS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLuborM.\n Significance of the labial frenum attachment in periodontal disease in man. Part 1. Classification and epidemiology of the labial frenum attachment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Periodontol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1974;45:891\u2013894."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b10","series-title":"Indian J Dent Res","first-page":"67","article-title":"Occurrence of midline diastema and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Kaimenyi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kaimenyi\n JT.\n \n \n Occurrence of midline diastema and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi, Kenya.\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;9:67\u201371."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b11","series-title":"ASDC J Dent Child","first-page":"413","article-title":"Maxillary labial frenum and midline diastema","volume":"36","author":"Higley","year":"1969","unstructured":"Higley\n LB.\n \n \n Maxillary labial frenum and midline diastema.\n\t\t\t\t\tASDC J Dent Child.\n\t\t\t\t\t1969;36:413\u2013414."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"645","article-title":"The influence of transseptal fibers on incisor position and diastema formation","volume":"70","author":"Stubley","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stubley\n R.\n \n \n The influence of transseptal fibers on incisor position and diastema formation.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;70:645\u2013662."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b13","series-title":"J Period","first-page":"102","article-title":"The frenectomy combined with a laterally positioned pedicle graft","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"1985","unstructured":"Miller\n PD.\n \n \n The frenectomy combined with a laterally positioned pedicle graft.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Period.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985;56:102\u2013106."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"257","article-title":"Relapse after orthodontic correction of maxillary median diastema: a follow-up evaluation of consecutive cases","volume":"69","author":"Shashua","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shashua\n D\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArtunJ.\n Relapse after orthodontic correction of maxillary median diastema: a follow-up evaluation of consecutive cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;69:257\u2013263."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b15","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"57","article-title":"Does the maxillary midline diastema close after frenectomy?","volume":"45","author":"Suter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suter\n VG\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeinzmannA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGrossenJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSculeanA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBornsteinMM.\n Does the maxillary midline diastema close after frenectomy?\n \n Quintessence Int\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;45:57\u201366."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b16","series-title":"Is it time to change practice and agree guidelines? Faculty Dent J","first-page":"14","article-title":"Are upper labial frenectomies in children aged 11 and under appropriate?","volume":"5","author":"Al-Najjim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Najjim\n A\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSenP.\n Are upper labial frenectomies in children aged 11 and under appropriate?\n Is it time to change practice and agree guidelines? Faculty Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;5:14\u201317."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b17","series-title":"Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Co.;","author":"Angle","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n EH.\n \n \n \n Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Co.;\n 1907."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b18","series-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent","first-page":"234","article-title":"Maxillary labial frenum morphology and midline diastema among 3 to 12-year-old schoolgoing children in Sri Ganganagar city: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Jonathan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jonathan\n PT\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThakurH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGalhotraA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGalhotraV,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGuptaN.\n Maxillary labial frenum morphology and midline diastema among 3 to 12-year-old schoolgoing children in Sri Ganganagar city: a cross-sectional study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;36:234\u2013239."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"The maxillary interincisal diastema and its relationship to the superior labial frenum and intermaxillary suture","volume":"47","author":"Popovich","year":"1977","unstructured":"Popovich\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThompsonGW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMainPA.\n The maxillary interincisal diastema and its relationship to the superior labial frenum and intermaxillary suture.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977;47:265\u2013271."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b20","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"175","article-title":"The labial frenum, midline diastema, and palatine papilla: a clinical analysis","author":"Dewel","year":"1966","unstructured":"Dewel\n BF.\n \n \n The labial frenum, midline diastema, and palatine papilla: a clinical analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Clin North Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t1966;\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013184."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"120","article-title":"The superior labial frenum and the midline diastema and their relation to growth and development of the oral structures","volume":"39","author":"Ceremello","year":"1953","unstructured":"Ceremello\n PJ.\n \n \n The superior labial frenum and the midline diastema and their relation to growth and development of the oral structures.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1953;39:120\u2013139."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b22","series-title":"Orthodontics: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed","author":"Graber","year":"1966","unstructured":"Graber\n TM.\n \n \n \n Orthodontics: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia:\n\t\t\t\t\tSaunders;1966."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b23","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"709","article-title":"Management of the maxillary diastema by various dental specialties","volume":"76","author":"Wheeler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wheeler\n B\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCarricoCK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShroffB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrickhouseT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaskinD.\n Management of the maxillary diastema by various dental specialties.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;76:709\u2013715."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b24","series-title":"Policy on Management of the Frenulum in Pediatric Dental Patients. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2021","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.\n \n Policy on Management of the Frenulum in Pediatric Dental Patients. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tChicago:\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Academy of Pediatric Dentistry;2021."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"633","article-title":"The effect of superior labial frenectomy in cases with midline diastema","volume":"63","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m\n K\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJensenR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tM\u00e5rtenssonB.\n The effect of superior labial frenectomy in cases with midline diastema.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1973;63:633\u2013638."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e23","article-title":"Relapse of a maxillary median diastema: closure and permanent retention","volume":"141","author":"Mattos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mattos\n CT\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tda SilvaDL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRuellasAC.\n Relapse of a maxillary median diastema: closure and permanent retention.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;141:e23\u2013e27."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"131","article-title":"A postretention study of patients presenting with a maxillary median diastema","volume":"66","author":"Sullivan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sullivan\n TC\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTurpinDL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArtunJ.\n A postretention study of patients presenting with a maxillary median diastema.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;66:131\u2013138."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"186","article-title":"Associations between initial, posttreatment, and postretention alignment of maxillary anterior teeth","volume":"113","author":"Surbeck","year":"1998","unstructured":"Surbeck\n BT\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArtunJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHawkinsNR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLerouxB.\n Associations between initial, posttreatment, and postretention alignment of maxillary anterior teeth.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;113:186\u2013195."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"238","article-title":"Long-term bonded retention after closure of maxillary midline diastema","volume":"148","author":"Moffitt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moffitt\n AH\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRainaJ.\n Long-term bonded retention after closure of maxillary midline diastema.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;148:238\u2013244."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"70","article-title":"Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"133","author":"Booth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Booth\n F\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEdelmanJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tProffitW.\n Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;133:70\u201376."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"112","article-title":"Caries and periodontal reactions associated with long term use of different types of bonded lingual retainers","volume":"86","author":"Artun","year":"1984","unstructured":"Artun\n J.\n \n \n Caries and periodontal reactions associated with long term use of different types of bonded lingual retainers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984;86:112\u2013128."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"55","article-title":"Management of diastemas in orthodontics","volume":"61","author":"Bishara","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE.\n \n \n Management of diastemas in orthodontics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1972;61:55\u201363."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"183","article-title":"The face of a normal child (diagnosis, development)","volume":"7","author":"Broadbent","year":"1937","unstructured":"Broadbent\n BH.\n \n \n The face of a normal child (diagnosis, development).\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1937;7:183\u2013208."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b03","series-title":"Dent Pract Dent Rec","first-page":"287","article-title":"Midline spaces","volume":"17","author":"Gardiner","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gardiner\n JH.\n \n \n Midline spaces.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Pract Dent Rec.\n\t\t\t\t\t1967;17:287\u2013298."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"646","article-title":"Clinical observations relating to the normal and abnormal frenum labii superioris","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"1939","unstructured":"Taylor\n JE.\n \n \n Clinical observations relating to the normal and abnormal frenum labii superioris.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Oral Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1939;25:646\u2013650."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b05","series-title":"Dent Pract Dent Rec","first-page":"276","article-title":"The incidence of median diastema during the eruption of the permanent teeth","volume":"17","author":"Weyman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Weyman\n J.\n \n \n The incidence of median diastema during the eruption of the permanent teeth.\n\t\t\t\t\tDent Pract Dent Rec.\n\t\t\t\t\t1967;17:276\u2013278."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"489","article-title":"The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study","volume":"71","author":"Edwards","year":"1977","unstructured":"Edwards\n JG.\n \n \n The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977;71:489\u2013508."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b07","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"171","article-title":"The midline diastema: a review of its etiology and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huang\n WJ\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCreathCJ.\n The midline diastema: a review of its etiology and treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;17:171\u2013179."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b08","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"56","article-title":"Laser labial frenectomy: a simplified and predictable technique: retrospective clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Olivi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olivi\n M\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGenoveseMD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOliviG.\n Laser labial frenectomy: a simplified and predictable technique: retrospective clinical study.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Paediatr Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;19:56\u201360."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b09","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"891","article-title":"Significance of the labial frenum attachment in periodontal disease in man. Part 1. Classification and epidemiology of the labial frenum attachment","volume":"45","author":"Mirko","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mirko\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMiroslavS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLuborM.\n Significance of the labial frenum attachment in periodontal disease in man. Part 1. Classification and epidemiology of the labial frenum attachment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Periodontol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1974;45:891\u2013894."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b10","series-title":"Indian J Dent Res","first-page":"67","article-title":"Occurrence of midline diastema and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Kaimenyi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kaimenyi\n JT.\n \n \n Occurrence of midline diastema and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi, Kenya.\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;9:67\u201371."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b11","series-title":"ASDC J Dent Child","first-page":"413","article-title":"Maxillary labial frenum and midline diastema","volume":"36","author":"Higley","year":"1969","unstructured":"Higley\n LB.\n \n \n Maxillary labial frenum and midline diastema.\n\t\t\t\t\tASDC J Dent Child.\n\t\t\t\t\t1969;36:413\u2013414."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"645","article-title":"The influence of transseptal fibers on incisor position and diastema formation","volume":"70","author":"Stubley","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stubley\n R.\n \n \n The influence of transseptal fibers on incisor position and diastema formation.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1976;70:645\u2013662."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b13","series-title":"J Period","first-page":"102","article-title":"The frenectomy combined with a laterally positioned pedicle graft","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"1985","unstructured":"Miller\n PD.\n \n \n The frenectomy combined with a laterally positioned pedicle graft.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Period.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985;56:102\u2013106."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"257","article-title":"Relapse after orthodontic correction of maxillary median diastema: a follow-up evaluation of consecutive cases","volume":"69","author":"Shashua","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shashua\n D\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tArtunJ.\n Relapse after orthodontic correction of maxillary median diastema: a follow-up evaluation of consecutive cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;69:257\u2013263."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b15","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"57","article-title":"Does the maxillary midline diastema close after frenectomy?","volume":"45","author":"Suter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suter\n VG\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeinzmannA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGrossenJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSculeanA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBornsteinMM.\n Does the maxillary midline diastema close after frenectomy?\n \n Quintessence Int\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;45:57\u201366."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b16","series-title":"Is it time to change practice and agree guidelines? Faculty Dent J","first-page":"14","article-title":"Are upper labial frenectomies in children aged 11 and under appropriate?","volume":"5","author":"Al-Najjim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Najjim\n A\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSenP.\n Are upper labial frenectomies in children aged 11 and under appropriate?\n Is it time to change practice and agree guidelines? Faculty Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;5:14\u201317."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-780-b17","series-title":"Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing Co.;","author":"Angle","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n EH.\n \n \n \n Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia: S.S. 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