{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:37:47Z","timestamp":1792273067809,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the long-term influence of fixed lingual retainers on the development of mandibular gingival recession and to compare the prevalence with untreated individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The material consisted of 144 subjects: 96 orthodontically treated patients followed for 5 years after therapy and 48 untreated age-matched subjects. The treated patients were divided in two groups: one receiving a fixed mandibular retainer (n = 48) and one receiving no form of retention in the mandible (n = 48). The presence or absence of gingival recession and calculus accumulation were scored before treatment (T0), after debonding (T1), and 5 years after debonding (T5) for each tooth in the mandibular intercanine region using plaster models and intraoral photographs. The chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Cochran's Q test were used to evaluate inter- and intragroup differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of patients with recession increased gradually and significantly throughout the observation periods in all groups, but the intergroup differences at T5 were not significant. Significantly more calculus accumulation was observed at T5 in the retainer group compared with the group without retainers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term presence of fixed lingual retainers does not seem to increase the development of mandibular gingival recession, but does increase calculus accumulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/012217-58.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T11:11:34Z","timestamp":1499425894000},"page":"658-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Long-term influence of fixed lingual retainers on the development of gingival recession: A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Jovana","family":"Juloski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Glisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaska","family":"Vandevska-Radunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b01","series-title":"Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Vol 2","article-title":"Pini Prato GP. Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery","author":"Wennstrom \n              JL ZG,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wennstrom \n              JL ZG, \n            \n          \n          Pini Prato GP. Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery. In: Lindhe J LN, Karring T, eds. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Vol 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Munksgaard;2008:958."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b02","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health","volume":"79","author":"Levin \n              L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levin \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Samorodnitzky-Naveh \n              GR, \n            \n            \n              Machtei \n              EE. \n            \n          \n          The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health. J Periodontol. 2008;79:2087\u20132092."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b03","series-title":"J ClinPeriodontol","first-page":"631","article-title":"Gingival labial recessions in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals: a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Renkema \n              AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema \n              AM, \n            \n            \n              Fudalej \n              PS, \n            \n            \n              Renkema \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Abbas \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Bronkhorst \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Katsaros \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Gingival labial recessions in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals: a case-control study. J ClinPeriodontol. 2013;40:631\u2013637."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"652","article-title":"Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing","volume":"134","author":"Slutzkey \n              S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slutzkey \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Levin \n              L. \n            \n          \n          Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:652\u2013656."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"206","article-title":"Development of labial gingival recessions in orthodontically treated patients","volume":"143","author":"Renkema \n              AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema \n              AM, \n            \n            \n              Fudalej \n              PS, \n            \n            \n              Renkema \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Kiekens \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Katsaros \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Development of labial gingival recessions in orthodontically treated patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:206\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"471","article-title":"Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention","volume":"29","author":"Pandis \n              N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandis \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Vlahopoulos \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Madianos \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Eliades \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:471\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"501","article-title":"3-year follow-up study of various types of orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"19","author":"Artun \n              J,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Artun \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Spadafora \n              AT, \n            \n            \n              Shapiro \n              PA. A\n            \n          \n          3-year follow-up study of various types of orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers. Eur J Orthod. 1997;19:501\u2013509."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"70","article-title":"Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"133","author":"Booth \n              FA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Booth \n              FA, \n            \n            \n              Edelman \n              JM, \n            \n            \n              Proffit \n              WR. \n            \n          \n          Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:70\u201376."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"42","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of vestibular recession in mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatm-ent","volume":"82","author":"Vasconcelos \n              G,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vasconcelos \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Kjellsen \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Preus \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Vandevska-Radunovic \n              V, \n            \n            \n              Hansen \n              BF. \n            \n          \n          Prevalence and severity of vestibular recession in mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatm-ent. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:42\u201347."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b10","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Joss-Vassali \n              I,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joss-Vassali \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Grebenstein \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Topouzelis \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Sculean \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Catsaros \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2010;13:127\u2013141."},{"issue":"9","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b11","series-title":"Dentistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1122.1000258","article-title":"Stability and side effects of orthodontic retainers\u2014a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Westerlund \n              A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Westerlund \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Daxberg \n              EL, \n            \n            \n              Liljegren \n              A, \n            \n            et al. \n          Stability and side effects of orthodontic retainers\u2014a systematic review. Dentistry. 2014;4(9):258. doi:10.4172\/2161-1122.1000258"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"699","article-title":"Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers","volume":"85","author":"Corbett \n              AI,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corbett \n              AI, \n            \n            \n              Leggitt \n              VL, \n            \n            \n              Angelov \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Olson \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Caruso \n              JM. \n            \n          \n          Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:699\u2013705."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Longitudinal cephalometric standards for the neurocranium in Norwegians from 6 to 21 years of age","volume":"25","author":"Axelsson \n              S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Axelsson \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Kjaer \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Bjornland \n              T, \n            \n            \n              Storhaug \n              K. \n            \n          \n          Longitudinal cephalometric standards for the neurocranium in Norwegians from 6 to 21 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:185\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n              RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n              RM. \n            \n          \n          The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod.Dentofacial.Orthop","first-page":"607","article-title":"Periodontal implications of bonded versus removable retainers","volume":"112","author":"Heier \n              EE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heier \n              EE, \n            \n            \n              De Smit \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Wijgaerts \n              IA, \n            \n            \n              Adriaens \n              PA. \n            \n          \n          Periodontal implications of bonded versus removable retainers. Am J Orthod.Dentofacial.Orthop. 1997;112:607\u2013616."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"74","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the long-term effects of orthodontic retainers on marginal bone levels","volume":"151","author":"Westerlund \n              A,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westerlund \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Oikimoui \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Ransj\u00f6 \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Ekestubbe \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Bresin \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Lund \n              H. \n            \n          \n          Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the long-term effects of orthodontic retainers on marginal bone levels. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:74\u201381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b17","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"489","article-title":"The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession","volume":"63","author":"Loe \n              H,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Loe \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Anerud \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Boysen \n              H. \n            \n          \n          The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession. J Periodontol. 1992;63:489\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b18","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Gingival recession: epidemiology and risk indicators in a representative urban Brazilian population","volume":"75","author":"Susin \n              C,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Susin \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Haas \n              AN, \n            \n            \n              Oppermann \n              RV, \n            \n            \n              Haugejorden \n              O, \n            \n            \n              Albandar \n              JM. \n            \n          \n          Gingival recession: epidemiology and risk indicators in a representative urban Brazilian population. J Periodontol. 2004;75:1377\u20131386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b19","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"947","article-title":"Changes in periodontal disease experience from 26 to 32 years of age in a birth cohort","volume":"77","author":"Thomson \n              WM,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thomson \n              WM, \n            \n            \n              Broadbent \n              JM, \n            \n            \n              Poulton \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Beck \n              JD. \n            \n          \n          Changes in periodontal disease experience from 26 to 32 years of age in a birth cohort. J Periodontol. 2006;77:947\u2013954."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b20","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"413","article-title":"The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence","volume":"139","author":"Bollen \n              AM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bollen \n              AM, \n            \n            \n              Cunha-Cruz \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Bakko \n              DW, \n            \n            \n              Huang \n              GJ, \n            \n            \n              Hujoel \n              PP. \n            \n          \n          The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139:413\u2013422."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b21","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"476","article-title":"Does the decision to extract influence the development of gingival recession? A retrospective long-term evaluation","volume":"76","author":"Villard \n              NM,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Villard \n              NM, \n            \n            \n              Patcas \n              R. \n            \n          \n          Does the decision to extract influence the development of gingival recession? A retrospective long-term evaluation. 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Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery","author":"Wennstrom \n              JL ZG,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wennstrom \n              JL ZG, \n            \n          \n          Pini Prato GP. Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery. In: Lindhe J LN, Karring T, eds. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Vol 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Munksgaard;2008:958."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b02","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health","volume":"79","author":"Levin \n              L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levin \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Samorodnitzky-Naveh \n              GR, \n            \n            \n              Machtei \n              EE. \n            \n          \n          The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health. J Periodontol. 2008;79:2087\u20132092."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b03","series-title":"J ClinPeriodontol","first-page":"631","article-title":"Gingival labial recessions in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals: a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Renkema \n              AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema \n              AM, \n            \n            \n              Fudalej \n              PS, \n            \n            \n              Renkema \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Abbas \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Bronkhorst \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Katsaros \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Gingival labial recessions in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals: a case-control study. J ClinPeriodontol. 2013;40:631\u2013637."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"652","article-title":"Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing","volume":"134","author":"Slutzkey \n              S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slutzkey \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Levin \n              L. \n            \n          \n          Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:652\u2013656."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"206","article-title":"Development of labial gingival recessions in orthodontically treated patients","volume":"143","author":"Renkema \n              AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema \n              AM, \n            \n            \n              Fudalej \n              PS, \n            \n            \n              Renkema \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Kiekens \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Katsaros \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Development of labial gingival recessions in orthodontically treated patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:206\u2013212."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"471","article-title":"Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention","volume":"29","author":"Pandis \n              N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandis \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Vlahopoulos \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Madianos \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Eliades \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:471\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"501","article-title":"3-year follow-up study of various types of orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"19","author":"Artun \n              J,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Artun \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Spadafora \n              AT, \n            \n            \n              Shapiro \n              PA. A\n            \n          \n          3-year follow-up study of various types of orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:70\u201376."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"42","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of vestibular recession in mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatm-ent","volume":"82","author":"Vasconcelos \n              G,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vasconcelos \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Kjellsen \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Preus \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Vandevska-Radunovic \n              V, \n            \n            \n              Hansen \n              BF. \n            \n          \n          Prevalence and severity of vestibular recession in mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatm-ent. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:42\u201347."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b10","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Joss-Vassali \n              I,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joss-Vassali \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Grebenstein \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Topouzelis \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Sculean \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Catsaros \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2010;13:127\u2013141."},{"issue":"9","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b11","series-title":"Dentistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1122.1000258","article-title":"Stability and side effects of orthodontic retainers\u2014a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Westerlund \n              A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Westerlund \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Daxberg \n              EL, \n            \n            \n              Liljegren \n              A, \n            \n            et al. \n          Stability and side effects of orthodontic retainers\u2014a systematic review. Dentistry. 2014;4(9):258. doi:10.4172\/2161-1122.1000258"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"699","article-title":"Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers","volume":"85","author":"Corbett \n              AI,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corbett \n              AI, \n            \n            \n              Leggitt \n              VL, \n            \n            \n              Angelov \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Olson \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Caruso \n              JM. \n            \n          \n          Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:699\u2013705."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Longitudinal cephalometric standards for the neurocranium in Norwegians from 6 to 21 years of age","volume":"25","author":"Axelsson \n              S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Axelsson \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Kjaer \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Bjornland \n              T, \n            \n            \n              Storhaug \n              K. \n            \n          \n          Longitudinal cephalometric standards for the neurocranium in Norwegians from 6 to 21 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:185\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n              RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n              RM. \n            \n          \n          The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod.Dentofacial.Orthop","first-page":"607","article-title":"Periodontal implications of bonded versus removable retainers","volume":"112","author":"Heier \n              EE,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heier \n              EE, \n            \n            \n              De Smit \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Wijgaerts \n              IA, \n            \n            \n              Adriaens \n              PA. \n            \n          \n          Periodontal implications of bonded versus removable retainers. Am J Orthod.Dentofacial.Orthop. 1997;112:607\u2013616."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-658-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"74","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the long-term effects of orthodontic retainers on marginal bone levels","volume":"151","author":"Westerlund \n              A,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westerlund \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Oikimoui \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Ransj\u00f6 \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Ekestubbe \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Bresin \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Lund \n              H. \n            \n          \n          Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of the long-term effects of orthodontic retainers on marginal bone levels. 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