{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:23:18Z","timestamp":1789906998691,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To examine the ability of a removable thermoplastic appliance (RTA) to adsorb hygienic solutions and inhibit bacterial growth and to examine the efficacy of three hygiene protocols in reducing bacterial biofilm adherence to RTA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Solution adsorption and bacterial growth inhibition were examined\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n using paper vs RTA discs. Subsequently, 11 patients treated with RTA (mean age, 29.1 \u00b1 4.7\u00a0years) were assigned into a sequence of three hygiene protocols: regular RTA brushing (baseline), immersion RTAs in chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX), and using a vibrating bath with cleaning solution (VBC). For each patient, 12 upper RTAs were examined (2 baseline RTAs, 5 CHX RTAs, and 5 VBC RTAs), for a total of 132 RTAs. All RTAs were stained with gentian violet, and biofilm presence was measured using a photodensitometer.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The RTA discs did not adsorb CHX or cleaning solution. The later agent did not show antibacterial features. Baseline RTAs showed significant biofilm adherence (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) on the posterior palatal side of the aligner and on the anterior incisal edge. CHX and VBC hygienic protocols significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) reduced baseline biofilm adherence by 16% and 50%, respectively. Hygienic improvement was maintained over 140\u00a0days when CHX and VBC were used. However, VBC was three times more efficient than CHX.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n This study highly recommends the use of a VBC protocol. Biofilm deposits on the RTA, especially on incisal edges and attachment dimples, could lead to inadequate tooth\/RTA and attachment\/RTA overlap and consequently impair tooth alignment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/012413-75.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T15:55:29Z","timestamp":1371743729000},"page":"161-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Efficacy of three hygienic protocols in reducing biofilm adherence to removable thermoplastic appliance"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Nir","family":"Shpack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronit Bar-Ness","family":"Greenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Gazit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Sarig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instructor, Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Dan","family":"Vardimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b01","series-title":"Dent Mater J","first-page":"954","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic materials for invisible orthodontics","volume":"30","author":"Zhang\n N,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang\n N, \n \n Bai\n Y, \n \n Ding\n X, \n \n Zhang\n Y. \n \n Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic materials for invisible orthodontics. Dent Mater J. 2011;30:954\u2013959."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"725","article-title":"Structural conformation and leaching from in vitro aged and retrieved Invisalign appliances","volume":"126","author":"Schuster\n S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuster\n S, \n \n Eliades\n G, \n \n Zinelis\n S, \n \n Eliades\n T, \n \n Bradley\n TG. \n \n Structural conformation and leaching from in vitro aged and retrieved Invisalign appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:725\u2013728."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"403","article-title":"Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: the picture we miss and its clinical relevance","volume":"127","author":"Eliades\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eliades\n T, \n \n Bourauel\n C. \n \n Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: the picture we miss and its clinical relevance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:403\u2013412."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b04","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"3247","article-title":"Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence","volume":"175","author":"Kolenbrander\n PE,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kolenbrander\n PE, \n \n London\n J. \n \n Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:3247\u20133252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b05","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"39","article-title":"Clinical adhesiveness of selected dental materials: an in-vivo study","volume":"39","author":"Jendresen\n MD,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jendresen\n MD, \n \n Glantz\n PO. \n \n Clinical adhesiveness of selected dental materials: an in-vivo study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1981;39:39\u201345."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b06","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"592","article-title":"Retention of oral microorganisms on cobalt-chromium alloy and dental acrylic resin with different surface finishes","volume":"80","author":"Taylor\n R,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Taylor\n R, \n \n Maryan\n C, \n \n Verran\n J. \n \n Retention of oral microorganisms on cobalt-chromium alloy and dental acrylic resin with different surface finishes. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80:592\u2013597."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b07","series-title":"J Appl Bacteriol","first-page":"129","article-title":"Microbial film formation: dental plaque deposition on acrylic tiles using continuous culture techniques","volume":"62","author":"Keevil\n CW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Keevil\n CW, \n \n Bradshaw\n DJ, \n \n Dowsett\n AB, \n \n Feary\n TW. \n \n Microbial film formation: dental plaque deposition on acrylic tiles using continuous culture techniques. J Appl Bacteriol. 1987;62:129\u2013138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"598","article-title":"Influence of thermoplastic retainers on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus adhesion","volume":"141","author":"T\u00fcrk\u00f6z\n C,","year":"2012","unstructured":"T\u00fcrk\u00f6z\n C, \n \n Canig\u00fcr Bavbek\n N, \n \n Kale Varlik\n S, \n \n Ak\u00e7a\n G. \n \n Influence of thermoplastic retainers on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus adhesion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;141:598\u2013603."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b09","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Predominant cultivable supragingival plaque in Chinese \u201crapid\u201d and \u201cslow\u201d plaque formers","volume":"23","author":"Zee\n KY,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zee\n KY, \n \n Samaranayake\n LP, \n \n Attstrom\n R. \n \n Predominant cultivable supragingival plaque in Chinese \u201crapid\u201d and \u201cslow\u201d plaque formers. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23:1025\u20131031."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"577","article-title":"Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in \u2018fast\u2019 and \u2018slow\u2019 plaque formers","volume":"33","author":"Low\n B,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Low\n B, \n \n Lee\n W, \n \n Seneviratne\n CJ, \n \n Samaranayake\n LP, \n \n H\u00e4gg\n U. \n \n Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in \u2018fast\u2019 and \u2018slow\u2019 plaque formers. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:577\u2013583."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b11","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"34","article-title":"Short-term chemical and physical changes in Invisalign appliances","volume":"25","author":"Gracco\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gracco\n A, \n \n Mazzoli\n A, \n \n Favoni\n O, \n et al. \n Short-term chemical and physical changes in Invisalign appliances. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25:34\u201340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b12","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of an occlusal splint compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment on sleep bruxism activity","volume":"115","author":"Ommerborn\n MA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ommerborn\n MA, \n \n Schneider\n C, \n \n Giraki\n M, \n et al. \n Effects of an occlusal splint compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment on sleep bruxism activity. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115:7\u201314."},{"issue":"suppl S16","key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b13","series-title":"J Periodontal Res Suppl","first-page":"74","article-title":"Chlorhexidine digluconate: an agent for chemical plaque control and prevention of gingival inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Lang\n NP,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lang\n NP, \n \n Brecx\n MC. \n \n Chlorhexidine digluconate: an agent for chemical plaque control and prevention of gingival inflammation. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1986;21(suppl S16):74\u201389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b14","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Long-term effects of Meridol\u00ae and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality","volume":"72","author":"Brecx\n MC,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brecx\n MC, \n \n Macdonald\n LL, \n \n Legary\n K, \n \n Cheang\n M, \n \n Forgay\n MGE. \n \n Long-term effects of Meridol\u00ae and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality. J Dent Res. 1993;72:1194\u20131197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b15","series-title":"Gerodontology","article-title":"Survival of microorganisms on complete dentures following ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in peroxide-based cleanser solution","author":"Nishi\n Y,","unstructured":"Nishi\n Y, \n \n Seto\n K, \n \n Kamashita\n Y, \n \n Kaji\n A, \n \n Kurono\n A, \n \n Nagaoka\n E. \n \n Survival of microorganisms on complete dentures following ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in peroxide-based cleanser solution. Gerodontology. Published online: December 5, 2012 (doi:10.1111\/ger.12027)."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b16","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Interaction of chlorhexidine with smooth and rough types of titanium surfaces","volume":"77","author":"Kozlovsky\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kozlovsky\n A, \n \n Artzi\n Z, \n \n Moses\n O, \n \n Kamin-Belsky\n N, \n \n Bar-Ness Greenstein\n R. \n \n Interaction of chlorhexidine with smooth and rough types of titanium surfaces. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1194\u20131200."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b17","series-title":"J Periodont Res","first-page":"92","article-title":"Interactions of chlorhexidine with salivary films adsorbed at solid\/liquid and air\/fluid interfaces","volume":"28","author":"Freitas\n LB,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Freitas\n LB, \n \n Vassilakos\n N, \n \n Arnebrant\n T. \n \n Interactions of chlorhexidine with salivary films adsorbed at solid\/liquid and air\/fluid interfaces. J Periodont Res. 1993;28:92\u201397."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b18","series-title":"Biotech Histochem","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Gram stain after more than a century","volume":"71","author":"Popescu\n A,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Popescu\n A, \n \n Doyle\n RJ. \n \n The Gram stain after more than a century. Biotech Histochem. 1996;71:145\u2013151."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b19","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity","volume":"48","author":"Hope\n CK,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hope\n CK, \n \n Wilson\n M. \n \n Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:1461\u20131468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b20","series-title":"J Clin Dent","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity of a digital plaque imaging system on different tooth surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Mohan\n N,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohan\n N, \n \n Mahesh\n MR, \n \n Varghese\n VI, \n \n Pretty\n IA, \n \n Taylor\n AM, \n \n Ellwood\n RP. \n \n Evaluation of the sensitivity of a digital plaque imaging system on different tooth surfaces. J Clin Dent. 2012;23:11\u201316."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b21","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"424","article-title":"Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches","volume":"35","author":"Parkinson\n CF.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parkinson\n CF. \n \n Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches. J Prosthet Dent. 1976;35:424\u2013429."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b22","series-title":"Dent Mater J","first-page":"446","article-title":"Compatibility of tissue conditioners and denture cleansers: influence on surface conditions","volume":"29","author":"Murata\n H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murata\n H, \n \n Chimori\n H, \n \n Hong\n G, \n \n Hamada\n T, \n \n Nikawa\n H. \n \n Compatibility of tissue conditioners and denture cleansers: influence on surface conditions. Dent Mater J. 2010;29:446\u2013453."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b23","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2127","article-title":"The effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate rinsing on previously plaque-free and plaque-covered surfaces: a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Zanatta\n FB,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zanatta\n FB, \n \n Antoniazzi\n RP, \n \n R\u00f6sing\n CK. \n \n The effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate rinsing on previously plaque-free and plaque-covered surfaces: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2007;78:2127\u20132134."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b24","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"641","article-title":"Comparison of a sonic and a manual toothbrush for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis","volume":"23","author":"Tritten\n CB,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tritten\n CB, \n \n Armitage\n GC. \n \n Comparison of a sonic and a manual toothbrush for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23:641\u2013648."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b01","series-title":"Dent Mater J","first-page":"954","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic materials for invisible orthodontics","volume":"30","author":"Zhang\n N,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang\n N, \n \n Bai\n Y, \n \n Ding\n X, \n \n Zhang\n Y. \n \n Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic materials for invisible orthodontics. Dent Mater J. 2011;30:954\u2013959."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"725","article-title":"Structural conformation and leaching from in vitro aged and retrieved Invisalign appliances","volume":"126","author":"Schuster\n S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuster\n S, \n \n Eliades\n G, \n \n Zinelis\n S, \n \n Eliades\n T, \n \n Bradley\n TG. \n \n Structural conformation and leaching from in vitro aged and retrieved Invisalign appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:725\u2013728."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"403","article-title":"Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: the picture we miss and its clinical relevance","volume":"127","author":"Eliades\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eliades\n T, \n \n Bourauel\n C. \n \n Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: the picture we miss and its clinical relevance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:403\u2013412."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b04","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"3247","article-title":"Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence","volume":"175","author":"Kolenbrander\n PE,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kolenbrander\n PE, \n \n London\n J. \n \n Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:3247\u20133252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b05","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"39","article-title":"Clinical adhesiveness of selected dental materials: an in-vivo study","volume":"39","author":"Jendresen\n MD,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jendresen\n MD, \n \n Glantz\n PO. \n \n Clinical adhesiveness of selected dental materials: an in-vivo study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1981;39:39\u201345."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b06","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"592","article-title":"Retention of oral microorganisms on cobalt-chromium alloy and dental acrylic resin with different surface finishes","volume":"80","author":"Taylor\n R,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Taylor\n R, \n \n Maryan\n C, \n \n Verran\n J. \n \n Retention of oral microorganisms on cobalt-chromium alloy and dental acrylic resin with different surface finishes. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80:592\u2013597."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b07","series-title":"J Appl Bacteriol","first-page":"129","article-title":"Microbial film formation: dental plaque deposition on acrylic tiles using continuous culture techniques","volume":"62","author":"Keevil\n CW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Keevil\n CW, \n \n Bradshaw\n DJ, \n \n Dowsett\n AB, \n \n Feary\n TW. \n \n Microbial film formation: dental plaque deposition on acrylic tiles using continuous culture techniques. J Appl Bacteriol. 1987;62:129\u2013138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"598","article-title":"Influence of thermoplastic retainers on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus adhesion","volume":"141","author":"T\u00fcrk\u00f6z\n C,","year":"2012","unstructured":"T\u00fcrk\u00f6z\n C, \n \n Canig\u00fcr Bavbek\n N, \n \n Kale Varlik\n S, \n \n Ak\u00e7a\n G. \n \n Influence of thermoplastic retainers on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus adhesion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;141:598\u2013603."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b09","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Predominant cultivable supragingival plaque in Chinese \u201crapid\u201d and \u201cslow\u201d plaque formers","volume":"23","author":"Zee\n KY,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zee\n KY, \n \n Samaranayake\n LP, \n \n Attstrom\n R. \n \n Predominant cultivable supragingival plaque in Chinese \u201crapid\u201d and \u201cslow\u201d plaque formers. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23:1025\u20131031."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"577","article-title":"Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in \u2018fast\u2019 and \u2018slow\u2019 plaque formers","volume":"33","author":"Low\n B,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Low\n B, \n \n Lee\n W, \n \n Seneviratne\n CJ, \n \n Samaranayake\n LP, \n \n H\u00e4gg\n U. \n \n Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in \u2018fast\u2019 and \u2018slow\u2019 plaque formers. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:577\u2013583."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b11","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"34","article-title":"Short-term chemical and physical changes in Invisalign appliances","volume":"25","author":"Gracco\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gracco\n A, \n \n Mazzoli\n A, \n \n Favoni\n O, \n et al. \n Short-term chemical and physical changes in Invisalign appliances. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25:34\u201340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b12","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of an occlusal splint compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment on sleep bruxism activity","volume":"115","author":"Ommerborn\n MA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ommerborn\n MA, \n \n Schneider\n C, \n \n Giraki\n M, \n et al. \n Effects of an occlusal splint compared with cognitive-behavioral treatment on sleep bruxism activity. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115:7\u201314."},{"issue":"suppl S16","key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b13","series-title":"J Periodontal Res Suppl","first-page":"74","article-title":"Chlorhexidine digluconate: an agent for chemical plaque control and prevention of gingival inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Lang\n NP,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lang\n NP, \n \n Brecx\n MC. \n \n Chlorhexidine digluconate: an agent for chemical plaque control and prevention of gingival inflammation. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1986;21(suppl S16):74\u201389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b14","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Long-term effects of Meridol\u00ae and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality","volume":"72","author":"Brecx\n MC,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brecx\n MC, \n \n Macdonald\n LL, \n \n Legary\n K, \n \n Cheang\n M, \n \n Forgay\n MGE. \n \n Long-term effects of Meridol\u00ae and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality. J Dent Res. 1993;72:1194\u20131197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b15","series-title":"Gerodontology","article-title":"Survival of microorganisms on complete dentures following ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in peroxide-based cleanser solution","author":"Nishi\n Y,","unstructured":"Nishi\n Y, \n \n Seto\n K, \n \n Kamashita\n Y, \n \n Kaji\n A, \n \n Kurono\n A, \n \n Nagaoka\n E. \n \n Survival of microorganisms on complete dentures following ultrasonic cleaning combined with immersion in peroxide-based cleanser solution. Gerodontology. Published online: December 5, 2012 (doi:10.1111\/ger.12027)."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b16","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Interaction of chlorhexidine with smooth and rough types of titanium surfaces","volume":"77","author":"Kozlovsky\n A,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kozlovsky\n A, \n \n Artzi\n Z, \n \n Moses\n O, \n \n Kamin-Belsky\n N, \n \n Bar-Ness Greenstein\n R. \n \n Interaction of chlorhexidine with smooth and rough types of titanium surfaces. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1194\u20131200."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b17","series-title":"J Periodont Res","first-page":"92","article-title":"Interactions of chlorhexidine with salivary films adsorbed at solid\/liquid and air\/fluid interfaces","volume":"28","author":"Freitas\n LB,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Freitas\n LB, \n \n Vassilakos\n N, \n \n Arnebrant\n T. \n \n Interactions of chlorhexidine with salivary films adsorbed at solid\/liquid and air\/fluid interfaces. J Periodont Res. 1993;28:92\u201397."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b18","series-title":"Biotech Histochem","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Gram stain after more than a century","volume":"71","author":"Popescu\n A,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Popescu\n A, \n \n Doyle\n RJ. \n \n The Gram stain after more than a century. Biotech Histochem. 1996;71:145\u2013151."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b19","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity","volume":"48","author":"Hope\n CK,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hope\n CK, \n \n Wilson\n M. \n \n Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:1461\u20131468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b20","series-title":"J Clin Dent","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity of a digital plaque imaging system on different tooth surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Mohan\n N,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohan\n N, \n \n Mahesh\n MR, \n \n Varghese\n VI, \n \n Pretty\n IA, \n \n Taylor\n AM, \n \n Ellwood\n RP. \n \n Evaluation of the sensitivity of a digital plaque imaging system on different tooth surfaces. J Clin Dent. 2012;23:11\u201316."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-161-b21","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"424","article-title":"Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches","volume":"35","author":"Parkinson\n CF.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parkinson\n CF. \n \n Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches. 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