{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:35:09Z","timestamp":1788028509501,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To compare the extent of root resorption and the amount of tooth movement between continuous orthodontic force and intermittent orthodontic force that was activated in a similar way to a 4-week orthodontic adjustment period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Twenty-five patients who required the extraction of upper first premolars were recruited in this study. A buccally directed continuous force of 150 g was applied to the upper first premolar on one side for 15 weeks. A buccally directed intermittent force (28 days on, 7 days off) of the same magnitude was applied to the contralateral first premolar. The teeth were extracted at the end of the experimental period and processed for volumetric evaluations of resorption craters. The degree of tooth movement and rotation were measured on the study models.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Continuous force application displayed significantly higher root resorption volume than the intermittent force application (\n P <<\/jats:italic>\n .05), particularly on the buccal and lingual surfaces (P < .05) and the middle third of the root (\n P <<\/jats:italic>\n .01). There was more tipping and rotational movement in the continuous force group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n In a 4-week orthodontic adjustment period, intermittent force significantly reduced the amount of root resorption compared with continuous force. Although there was less degree of tooth movement with intermittent force, unwanted rotational movement was avoided. This is crucial in patients who are predisposed to orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption, and the use of this intermittent regimen should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/012518-68.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T09:08:01Z","timestamp":1534756081000},"page":"733-739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of continuous versus intermittent orthodontic forces on root resorption: A microcomputed tomography study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Nurhat","family":"Ozkalayci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bulent Ecevit, Zonguldak, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ersan Ilsay","family":"Karadeniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Elekdag-Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lam L.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ali","family":"Darendeliler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"180","article-title":"Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The clinical aspects","volume":"72","author":"Brezniak \n N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brezniak \n N, \n \n \n Wasserstein \n A. \n \n \n Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The clinical aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:180\u2013184."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman \n B,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman \n B, \n \n \n Vig \n KW, \n \n \n Fields \n HW, \n \n \n Shanker \n S, \n \n \n Kaizar \n EE. \n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476; discussion 12A."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e29","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 23. Effects of 2 or 3 weekly reactivated continuous or intermittent orthodontic forces on root resorption and tooth movement: a microcomputed tomography study","volume":"141","author":"Aras \n B,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aras \n B, \n \n \n Cheng \n LL, \n \n \n Turk \n T, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 23. Effects of 2 or 3 weekly reactivated continuous or intermittent orthodontic forces on root resorption and tooth movement: a microcomputed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:e29\u2013e37."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"186","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces","volume":"127","author":"Chan \n E,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan \n E, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:186\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"287","article-title":"The effects of a four-fold increased orthodontic force magnitude on tooth movement and root resorptions. An intra-individual study in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Owman-Moll \n P,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Owman-Moll \n P, \n \n \n Kurol \n J, \n \n \n Lundgren \n D. \n \n \n The effects of a four-fold increased orthodontic force magnitude on tooth movement and root resorptions. An intra-individual study in adolescents. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18:287\u2013294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Injuries caused by orthodontic forces and the ultimate results of these injuries","volume":"24","author":"Stuteville \n OH.","year":"1938","unstructured":"Stuteville \n OH. \n \n \n Injuries caused by orthodontic forces and the ultimate results of these injuries. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1938;24:103\u2013119."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 11. Continuous vs intermittent controlled orthodontic forces on root resorption. A microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Ballard \n DJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ballard \n DJ, \n \n \n Jones \n AS, \n \n \n Petocz \n P, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 11. Continuous vs intermittent controlled orthodontic forces on root resorption. A microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:8.e1\u20138.e8; discussion 8\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"223","article-title":"Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study","volume":"16","author":"Levander \n E,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Levander \n E, \n \n \n Malmgren \n O, \n \n \n Eliasson \n S. \n \n \n Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:223\u2013228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"159","article-title":"Continuous vs. discontinuous force application and root resorption","volume":"69","author":"Acar \n A,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Acar \n A, \n \n \n Canyurek \n U, \n \n \n Kocaaga \n M, \n \n \n Erverdi \n N. \n \n \n Continuous vs. discontinuous force application and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:159\u2013163; discussion 163\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"561","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 2. Effect of storage methods","volume":"124","author":"Malek \n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malek \n S, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA, \n \n \n Rex \n T, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 2. Effect of storage methods. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:561\u2013570."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"320.e1","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 13. Repair of root resorption 4 and 8 weeks after the application of continuous light and heavy forces for 4 weeks: a microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Cheng \n LL,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng \n LL, \n \n \n Turk \n T, \n \n \n Elekdag-Turk \n S, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 13. Repair of root resorption 4 and 8 weeks after the application of continuous light and heavy forces for 4 weeks: a microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:320.e1\u2013e10; discussion 20\u201321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"263","article-title":"Human tissue response to orthodontic intervention of short and long duration","volume":"28","author":"Oppenheim \n A.","year":"1942","unstructured":"Oppenheim \n A. \n \n \n Human tissue response to orthodontic intervention of short and long duration. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1942;28:263\u2013301."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Orthodontic root resorption: a new perspective","volume":"86","author":"Brezniak \n N,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brezniak \n N, \n \n \n Wasserstein \n A. \n \n \n Orthodontic root resorption: a new perspective. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:1056\u20131057."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Multi-nucleated cells remove the main hyalinized tissue and start resorption of adjacent root surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n Multi-nucleated cells remove the main hyalinized tissue and start resorption of adjacent root surfaces. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:265\u2013273."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b16","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"178","article-title":"Root resorption in human mandibular first premolars after rotation as detected by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"126","author":"Jimenez-Pellegrin \n C,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jimenez-Pellegrin \n C, \n \n \n Arana-Chavez \n VE. \n \n \n Root resorption in human mandibular first premolars after rotation as detected by scanning electron microscopy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:178\u2013184; discussion 184\u2013185."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e279","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 16. Comparisons of root resorption and resorption craters after the application of light and heavy continuous and controlled orthodontic forces for 4, 8, and 12 weeks","volume":"139","author":"Paetyangkul \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paetyangkul \n A, \n \n \n Turk \n T, \n \n \n Elekdag-Turk \n S, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 16. Comparisons of root resorption and resorption craters after the application of light and heavy continuous and controlled orthodontic forces for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e279\u2013e284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"395","article-title":"Continuous versus interrupted continuous orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption","volume":"65","author":"Owman-Moll \n P,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Owman-Moll \n P, \n \n \n Kurol \n J, \n \n \n Lundgren \n D. \n \n \n Continuous versus interrupted continuous orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:395\u2013401; discussion 401\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b20","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"468","article-title":"Tooth movement with light continuous and discontinuous forces in beagle dogs","volume":"107","author":"van Leeuwen \n EJ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Leeuwen \n EJ, \n \n \n Maltha \n JC, \n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman \n AM. \n \n \n Tooth movement with light continuous and discontinuous forces in beagle dogs. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:468\u2013474."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"242","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption","volume":"123","author":"Al-Qawasmi \n RA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Qawasmi \n RA, \n \n \n Hartsfield \n JK\n Jr, \n \n \n Everett \n ET, \n \n et al. \n Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:242\u2013252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"180","article-title":"Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The clinical aspects","volume":"72","author":"Brezniak \n N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brezniak \n N, \n \n \n Wasserstein \n A. \n \n \n Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The clinical aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:180\u2013184."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Weltman \n B,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weltman \n B, \n \n \n Vig \n KW, \n \n \n Fields \n HW, \n \n \n Shanker \n S, \n \n \n Kaizar \n EE. \n \n \n Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462\u2013476; discussion 12A."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e29","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 23. Effects of 2 or 3 weekly reactivated continuous or intermittent orthodontic forces on root resorption and tooth movement: a microcomputed tomography study","volume":"141","author":"Aras \n B,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aras \n B, \n \n \n Cheng \n LL, \n \n \n Turk \n T, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 23. Effects of 2 or 3 weekly reactivated continuous or intermittent orthodontic forces on root resorption and tooth movement: a microcomputed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:e29\u2013e37."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"186","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces","volume":"127","author":"Chan \n E,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan \n E, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: Part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:186\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"287","article-title":"The effects of a four-fold increased orthodontic force magnitude on tooth movement and root resorptions. An intra-individual study in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Owman-Moll \n P,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Owman-Moll \n P, \n \n \n Kurol \n J, \n \n \n Lundgren \n D. \n \n \n The effects of a four-fold increased orthodontic force magnitude on tooth movement and root resorptions. An intra-individual study in adolescents. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18:287\u2013294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Injuries caused by orthodontic forces and the ultimate results of these injuries","volume":"24","author":"Stuteville \n OH.","year":"1938","unstructured":"Stuteville \n OH. \n \n \n Injuries caused by orthodontic forces and the ultimate results of these injuries. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1938;24:103\u2013119."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 11. Continuous vs intermittent controlled orthodontic forces on root resorption. A microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Ballard \n DJ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ballard \n DJ, \n \n \n Jones \n AS, \n \n \n Petocz \n P, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 11. Continuous vs intermittent controlled orthodontic forces on root resorption. A microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:8.e1\u20138.e8; discussion 8\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"223","article-title":"Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study","volume":"16","author":"Levander \n E,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Levander \n E, \n \n \n Malmgren \n O, \n \n \n Eliasson \n S. \n \n \n Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:223\u2013228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"159","article-title":"Continuous vs. discontinuous force application and root resorption","volume":"69","author":"Acar \n A,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Acar \n A, \n \n \n Canyurek \n U, \n \n \n Kocaaga \n M, \n \n \n Erverdi \n N. \n \n \n Continuous vs. discontinuous force application and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:159\u2013163; discussion 163\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"561","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 2. Effect of storage methods","volume":"124","author":"Malek \n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malek \n S, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA, \n \n \n Rex \n T, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 2. Effect of storage methods. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:561\u2013570."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"320.e1","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 13. Repair of root resorption 4 and 8 weeks after the application of continuous light and heavy forces for 4 weeks: a microcomputed-tomography study","volume":"136","author":"Cheng \n LL,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng \n LL, \n \n \n Turk \n T, \n \n \n Elekdag-Turk \n S, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 13. Repair of root resorption 4 and 8 weeks after the application of continuous light and heavy forces for 4 weeks: a microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:320.e1\u2013e10; discussion 20\u201321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"263","article-title":"Human tissue response to orthodontic intervention of short and long duration","volume":"28","author":"Oppenheim \n A.","year":"1942","unstructured":"Oppenheim \n A. \n \n \n Human tissue response to orthodontic intervention of short and long duration. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1942;28:263\u2013301."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Orthodontic root resorption: a new perspective","volume":"86","author":"Brezniak \n N,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brezniak \n N, \n \n \n Wasserstein \n A. \n \n \n Orthodontic root resorption: a new perspective. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:1056\u20131057."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament","volume":"15","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n The initial phase of orthodontic root resorption incident to local compression of the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod. 1993;15:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Multi-nucleated cells remove the main hyalinized tissue and start resorption of adjacent root surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n Multi-nucleated cells remove the main hyalinized tissue and start resorption of adjacent root surfaces. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:265\u2013273."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b16","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik \n P,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik \n P, \n \n \n Rygh \n P. \n \n \n Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:249\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"178","article-title":"Root resorption in human mandibular first premolars after rotation as detected by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"126","author":"Jimenez-Pellegrin \n C,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jimenez-Pellegrin \n C, \n \n \n Arana-Chavez \n VE. \n \n \n Root resorption in human mandibular first premolars after rotation as detected by scanning electron microscopy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:178\u2013184; discussion 184\u2013185."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e279","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 16. Comparisons of root resorption and resorption craters after the application of light and heavy continuous and controlled orthodontic forces for 4, 8, and 12 weeks","volume":"139","author":"Paetyangkul \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paetyangkul \n A, \n \n \n Turk \n T, \n \n \n Elekdag-Turk \n S, \n \n et al. \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 16. Comparisons of root resorption and resorption craters after the application of light and heavy continuous and controlled orthodontic forces for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e279\u2013e284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"395","article-title":"Continuous versus interrupted continuous orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption","volume":"65","author":"Owman-Moll \n P,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Owman-Moll \n P, \n \n \n Kurol \n J, \n \n \n Lundgren \n D. \n \n \n Continuous versus interrupted continuous orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:395\u2013401; discussion 401\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b20","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"468","article-title":"Tooth movement with light continuous and discontinuous forces in beagle dogs","volume":"107","author":"van Leeuwen \n EJ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Leeuwen \n EJ, \n \n \n Maltha \n JC, \n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman \n AM. \n \n \n Tooth movement with light continuous and discontinuous forces in beagle dogs. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:468\u2013474."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-733-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"242","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption","volume":"123","author":"Al-Qawasmi \n RA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Qawasmi \n RA, \n \n \n Hartsfield \n JK\n Jr, \n \n \n Everett \n ET, \n \n et al. \n Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption. 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