{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:15:49Z","timestamp":1791695749179,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate dynamic smile in different skeletal patterns and to correlate vertical smile parameters with the underlying causative factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 150 participants ranging in age from 16\u201325 years were selected and divided into one of three groups\u2014horizontal, average, and vertical skeletal pattern\u2014using the following three cephalometric parameters: SN-MP, FMA, and Jarabak ratio. Videographic records of smile were obtained, and measurements were recorded and analyzed at rest, including upper lip length, and during smile, including maxillary incisal display, interlabial gap, intercommisural width, change in upper lip length, and smile arc. Differences among the three groups were subjected to two-way analysis of variance and\n post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n and chi-square tests for smile arc. Correlations between vertical smile variables and vertical skeletal (N-ANS, N-Me) and dental cephalometric measurements (U1 to palatal plane) were also investigated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Vertical parameters were significantly increased in the vertical pattern when compared with the horizontal pattern, ie, upper lip length (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01), maxillary incisal display (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), interlabial gap (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), and change in upper lip length (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), whereas intercommisural width was significantly decreased in vertical pattern when compared with the horizontal pattern (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Flat smile arc was seen more frequently in the horizontal pattern. Positive correlations were found between the N-Me, U1-PP, and change in upper lip length with vertical smile parameters.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Different skeletal patterns exhibit their characteristic smile features. Upper lip length is not responsible for increased incisal display during smile. Increased incisal display during smile is more closely associated with upper lip elevation than vertical skeletal and dental factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/012616-69.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]],"date-time":"2016-05-16T13:38:07Z","timestamp":1463405887000},"page":"1019-1025","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Dynamic smile evaluation in different skeletal patterns"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Noshi","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alka","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitesh","family":"Haryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b01","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman \n JL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR, \n \n \n Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999;2:49\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b02","series-title":"Br J Psychol","first-page":"221","article-title":"The effect of facial appearance on recruitment decisions","volume":"90","author":"Stevenage \n SV.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stevenage \n SV. \n \n \n The effect of facial appearance on recruitment decisions. Br J Psychol. 1999;90:221\u2013234."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b03","series-title":"Aus J Orthod","first-page":"159","article-title":"Lip tooth relationships during smiling and speech: an evaluation of different malocclusion types","volume":"26","author":"Rashed \n R,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rashed \n R, \n \n \n Heravi \n F. \n \n \n Lip tooth relationships during smiling and speech: an evaluation of different malocclusion types. Aus J Orthod. 2010;26:159\u2013165."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"The gingival smile line","volume":"62","author":"Peck \n S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peck \n S, \n \n \n Peck \n L, \n \n \n Kataja \n M. \n \n \n The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod. 1992;62:91\u2013100."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b05","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"28","article-title":"Smile analysis in different facial patterns and its correlation with underlying hard tissues","volume":"16","author":"Grover \n N,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grover \n N, \n \n \n Kapoor \n DN, \n \n \n Verma \n S, \n \n \n Bharadwaj \n P. \n \n \n Smile analysis in different facial patterns and its correlation with underlying hard tissues. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:28."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"5","article-title":"Which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor space during smiling?","volume":"78","author":"Yang \n H,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang \n H, \n \n \n Nahm \n DS, \n \n \n Baek \n SH. \n \n \n Which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor space during smiling?\n Angle Orthod. 2007;78:5\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"491","article-title":"Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment","volume":"133","author":"McNamara \n L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"McNamara \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T. \n \n \n Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:491\u2013499."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"273","article-title":"The role of the mandibular plane inclination in orthodontic diagnosis","volume":"45","author":"Bishara \n SE,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bishara \n SE, \n \n \n Augspurger \n EF. \n \n \n The role of the mandibular plane inclination in orthodontic diagnosis. Angle Orthod. 1975;45:273\u2013281."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"425","article-title":"Posttreatment changes in different facial types","volume":"64","author":"Zaher \n AR,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zaher \n AR, \n \n \n Bishara \n SE, \n \n \n Jakobsen \n JR. \n \n \n Posttreatment changes in different facial types. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:425\u2013436."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"307","article-title":"Dynamic smile analysis in young adults","volume":"132","author":"Maulik \n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maulik \n C, \n \n \n Nanda \n R. \n \n \n Dynamic smile analysis in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:307\u2013315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"90","article-title":"Dynamics of a smile in different age groups","volume":"83","author":"Chetan \n P,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chetan \n P, \n \n \n Tandon \n P, \n \n \n Singh \n GK, \n \n \n Nagar \n A, \n \n \n Prasad \n V, \n \n \n Chugh \n VK. \n \n \n Dynamics of a smile in different age groups. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:90\u201396."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310.e1","article-title":"Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age","volume":"136","author":"Desai \n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Desai \n S, \n \n \n Upadhyay \n M, \n \n \n Nanda \n R. \n \n \n Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:310.e1\u2013310.e10."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"307","article-title":"Dynamic smile analysis in young adults","volume":"132","author":"Maulik \n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maulik \n C, \n \n \n Nanda \n R. \n \n \n Dynamic smile analysis in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:307\u2013315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"215","article-title":"Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis","volume":"116","author":"Ferrario \n VF,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ferrario \n VF, \n \n \n Sforza \n C, \n \n \n Serrao \n G, \n \n \n Colombo \n A, \n \n \n Ciusa \n V. \n \n \n Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:215\u2013226."},{"issue":"suppl 35","key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b15","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"5","article-title":"The aging dermis: the main cause for the appearance of \u201cold skin.\u201d","volume":"122","author":"Lapiere \n CM.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lapiere \n CM. \n \n \n The aging dermis: the main cause for the appearance of \u201cold skin.\u201d\n Br J Dermatol. 1990;122(suppl 35):5\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"519","article-title":"Some vertical lineaments of lip position","volume":"101","author":"Peck \n S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peck \n S, \n \n \n Peck \n L, \n \n \n Kataja \n M. \n \n \n Some vertical lineaments of lip position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:519\u2013524."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17 years","volume":"109","author":"Blanchette \n ME,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchette \n ME, \n \n \n Nanda \n RS, \n \n \n Currier \n GF, \n \n \n Ghosh \n J, \n \n \n Nanda \n SK. \n \n \n A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17 years. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:116\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"505","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic therapy on the facial profile in long and short vertical facial patterns","volume":"118","author":"Lai \n J,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lai \n J, \n \n \n Ghosh \n J, \n \n \n Nanda \n RS. \n \n \n Effect of orthodontic therapy on the facial profile in long and short vertical facial patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:505\u2013513."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b19","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"84","article-title":"Comparison of soft tissue size between different facial patterns","volume":"15","author":"Feres \n MFN,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feres \n MFN, \n \n \n Hitos \n SF, \n \n \n Paulo de Sousa \n HI, \n \n \n Matsumoto \n MAN. \n \n \n Comparison of soft tissue size between different facial patterns. Dental Press J Orthod. 2010;15:84\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b20","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"105","article-title":"Selected aspect of the art and science of facial esthetics","volume":"1","author":"Peck \n S,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Peck \n S, \n \n \n Peck \n L. \n \n \n Selected aspect of the art and science of facial esthetics. Semin Orthod. 1995;1:105\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b21","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"279","article-title":"Pinto Ados S, Ravelli DB, Locks A. Analysis of the smile photograph","volume":"7","author":"Ritter \n DE,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritter \n DE, \n \n \n Gandini \n LG\n Jr, \n \n \n Pinto Ados S, Ravelli DB, Locks A. Analysis of the smile photograph. World J Orthod. 2006;7:279\u2013285."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"87","article-title":"Upper lip changes and gingival exposure on smiling: vertical dimension analysis","volume":"141","author":"Miron \n H,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miron \n H, \n \n \n Calderon \n S, \n \n \n Allon \n D. \n \n \n Upper lip changes and gingival exposure on smiling: vertical dimension analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:87\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b23","series-title":"Clin Orth Res","first-page":"2","article-title":"A morphometric analysis of the posed smile","volume":"1","author":"Ackerman \n JL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB, \n \n \n Brensinger \n CM, \n \n \n Landis \n JR. \n \n \n A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orth Res.1998;1:2\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"132","article-title":"An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile","volume":"57","author":"Hulsey \n CM.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hulsey \n CM. \n \n \n An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. Am J Orthod1970;57:132\u2013144."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"98","article-title":"The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc","volume":"120","author":"Sarver \n DM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120:98\u2013111."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b26","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"221","article-title":"Smile analysis and design in the digital era","volume":"36","author":"Ackerman \n MB,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ackerman \n MB, \n \n \n Ackerman \n JL. \n \n \n Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:221\u2013236."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b01","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman \n JL,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR, \n \n \n Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999;2:49\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b02","series-title":"Br J Psychol","first-page":"221","article-title":"The effect of facial appearance on recruitment decisions","volume":"90","author":"Stevenage \n SV.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stevenage \n SV. \n \n \n The effect of facial appearance on recruitment decisions. Br J Psychol. 1999;90:221\u2013234."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b03","series-title":"Aus J Orthod","first-page":"159","article-title":"Lip tooth relationships during smiling and speech: an evaluation of different malocclusion types","volume":"26","author":"Rashed \n R,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rashed \n R, \n \n \n Heravi \n F. \n \n \n Lip tooth relationships during smiling and speech: an evaluation of different malocclusion types. Aus J Orthod. 2010;26:159\u2013165."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"The gingival smile line","volume":"62","author":"Peck \n S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peck \n S, \n \n \n Peck \n L, \n \n \n Kataja \n M. \n \n \n The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod. 1992;62:91\u2013100."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b05","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"28","article-title":"Smile analysis in different facial patterns and its correlation with underlying hard tissues","volume":"16","author":"Grover \n N,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grover \n N, \n \n \n Kapoor \n DN, \n \n \n Verma \n S, \n \n \n Bharadwaj \n P. \n \n \n Smile analysis in different facial patterns and its correlation with underlying hard tissues. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:28."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"5","article-title":"Which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor space during smiling?","volume":"78","author":"Yang \n H,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang \n H, \n \n \n Nahm \n DS, \n \n \n Baek \n SH. \n \n \n Which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor space during smiling?\n Angle Orthod. 2007;78:5\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"491","article-title":"Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment","volume":"133","author":"McNamara \n L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"McNamara \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T. \n \n \n Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:491\u2013499."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"273","article-title":"The role of the mandibular plane inclination in orthodontic diagnosis","volume":"45","author":"Bishara \n SE,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bishara \n SE, \n \n \n Augspurger \n EF. \n \n \n The role of the mandibular plane inclination in orthodontic diagnosis. Angle Orthod. 1975;45:273\u2013281."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"425","article-title":"Posttreatment changes in different facial types","volume":"64","author":"Zaher \n AR,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zaher \n AR, \n \n \n Bishara \n SE, \n \n \n Jakobsen \n JR. \n \n \n Posttreatment changes in different facial types. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:425\u2013436."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"307","article-title":"Dynamic smile analysis in young adults","volume":"132","author":"Maulik \n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maulik \n C, \n \n \n Nanda \n R. \n \n \n Dynamic smile analysis in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:307\u2013315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"90","article-title":"Dynamics of a smile in different age groups","volume":"83","author":"Chetan \n P,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chetan \n P, \n \n \n Tandon \n P, \n \n \n Singh \n GK, \n \n \n Nagar \n A, \n \n \n Prasad \n V, \n \n \n Chugh \n VK. \n \n \n Dynamics of a smile in different age groups. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:90\u201396."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310.e1","article-title":"Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age","volume":"136","author":"Desai \n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Desai \n S, \n \n \n Upadhyay \n M, \n \n \n Nanda \n R. \n \n \n Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:310.e1\u2013310.e10."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"307","article-title":"Dynamic smile analysis in young adults","volume":"132","author":"Maulik \n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maulik \n C, \n \n \n Nanda \n R. \n \n \n Dynamic smile analysis in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:307\u2013315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"215","article-title":"Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis","volume":"116","author":"Ferrario \n VF,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ferrario \n VF, \n \n \n Sforza \n C, \n \n \n Serrao \n G, \n \n \n Colombo \n A, \n \n \n Ciusa \n V. \n \n \n Soft tissue facial growth and development as assessed by the three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:215\u2013226."},{"issue":"suppl 35","key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b15","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"5","article-title":"The aging dermis: the main cause for the appearance of \u201cold skin.\u201d","volume":"122","author":"Lapiere \n CM.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lapiere \n CM. \n \n \n The aging dermis: the main cause for the appearance of \u201cold skin.\u201d\n Br J Dermatol. 1990;122(suppl 35):5\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"519","article-title":"Some vertical lineaments of lip position","volume":"101","author":"Peck \n S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peck \n S, \n \n \n Peck \n L, \n \n \n Kataja \n M. \n \n \n Some vertical lineaments of lip position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:519\u2013524."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17 years","volume":"109","author":"Blanchette \n ME,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchette \n ME, \n \n \n Nanda \n RS, \n \n \n Currier \n GF, \n \n \n Ghosh \n J, \n \n \n Nanda \n SK. \n \n \n A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17 years. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:116\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"505","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic therapy on the facial profile in long and short vertical facial patterns","volume":"118","author":"Lai \n J,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lai \n J, \n \n \n Ghosh \n J, \n \n \n Nanda \n RS. \n \n \n Effect of orthodontic therapy on the facial profile in long and short vertical facial patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:505\u2013513."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b19","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"84","article-title":"Comparison of soft tissue size between different facial patterns","volume":"15","author":"Feres \n MFN,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feres \n MFN, \n \n \n Hitos \n SF, \n \n \n Paulo de Sousa \n HI, \n \n \n Matsumoto \n MAN. \n \n \n Comparison of soft tissue size between different facial patterns. Dental Press J Orthod. 2010;15:84\u201393."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b20","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"105","article-title":"Selected aspect of the art and science of facial esthetics","volume":"1","author":"Peck \n S,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Peck \n S, \n \n \n Peck \n L. \n \n \n Selected aspect of the art and science of facial esthetics. Semin Orthod. 1995;1:105\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-1019-b21","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"279","article-title":"Pinto Ados S, Ravelli DB, Locks A. Analysis of the smile photograph","volume":"7","author":"Ritter \n DE,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritter \n DE, \n \n \n Gandini \n LG\n Jr, \n \n \n Pinto Ados S, Ravelli DB, Locks A. Analysis of the smile photograph. 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