{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:36:34Z","timestamp":1791228994016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n To analyze which parameters, gathered from standard orthodontic diagnostic material, were most relevant for identifying small pharyngeal airway dimensions in preorthodontic children.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n The sample was composed of 105 cone beam computed tomography scans of healthy preorthodontic children (44 boys, 61 girls; mean age, 10.7 \u00b1 2.4 years). Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Cephalometric features and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. Associations were analyzed and adjusted for age, gender, and skeletal maturity by multiple regression analyses.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were significantly smaller in prepubertal children (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05, respectively) and positively associated with age (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01, respectively). After adjustment of age, skeletal maturity and gender significant associations were found between pharyngeal airway dimensions and craniofacial morphology. Airway volume was positively associated with maxillary and mandibular width (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, respectively) and anterior face height (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05, respectively). Minimal cross-sectional area was positively associated with maxillary and mandibular width (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, respectively) and negatively associated with sagittal jaw relationship (AnPg,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.36). Mandibular width and sagittal jaw relationship were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.16).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n Pharyngeal airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity, and craniofacial morphology in all three planes. Children with a reduced mandibular width and increased sagittal jaw relationship are particularly at risk of having small pharyngeal airway dimensions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/012616-71.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,15]],"date-time":"2016-06-15T13:58:51Z","timestamp":1465999131000},"page":"138-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Risk factors for small pharyngeal airway dimensions in preorthodontic children: A three-dimensional study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Seerone","family":"Anandarajah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raahib","family":"Dudhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sandham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunct Professor and Director of Postgraduate Program, Department of Orthodontics, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liselotte","family":"Sonnesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Director of Postgraduate Program, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-138-b01","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Cone-beam computerized tomography imaging and analysis of the upper airway: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Guijarro-Mart\u00ednez \n R,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guijarro-Mart\u00ednez \n R, \n \n \n Swennen \n GRJ. \n \n \n Cone-beam computerized tomography imaging and analysis of the upper airway: a systematic review of the literature. 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Sven Tandlak Tidskr. 1947;40:6."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-138-b21","series-title":"The relationship of the jaws to the cranium. Introduction to Orthodontics","first-page":"104","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n The relationship of the jaws to the cranium. Introduction to Orthodontics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill;1960:104\u2013140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-138-b22","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"256","article-title":"Transverse craniofacial features and their genetic predisposition in families with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"41","author":"Yoon \n Y-J,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoon \n Y-J, \n \n \n Perkiomaki \n MR, \n \n \n Tallents \n RH, \n \n et al. \n Transverse craniofacial features and their genetic predisposition in families with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate. 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Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:1227\u20131237."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-138-b02","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"269","article-title":"Craniofacial morphological characteristics in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Flores-Mir \n C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flores-Mir \n C, \n \n \n Korayem \n M, \n \n \n Heo \n G, \n \n \n Witmans \n M, \n \n \n Major \n MP, \n \n \n Major \n PW. \n \n \n Craniofacial morphological characteristics in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144:269\u2013277."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-138-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara \n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara \n C, \n \n \n Nielsen \n I, \n \n \n Huang \n JC, \n \n \n Maki \n K, \n \n \n Miller \n AJ, \n \n \n Hatcher \n D. \n \n \n Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. 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