{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:56:40Z","timestamp":1780480600335,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To consider the effectiveness of early treatment using one mixed-dentition approach to the correction of moderate and severe Class II malocclusions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Three groups of Class II subjects were included in this retrospective study: an early treatment (EarlyTx) group that first presented at age 7 to 9.5 years (n = 54), a late treatment (LateTx) group whose first orthodontic visit occurred between ages 12 and 15 (n = 58), and an untreated Class II (UnTx) group to assess the pretreatment comparability of the two treated groups (n = 51). Thirteen conventional cephalometric measurements were reported for each group and Class II molar severity was measured on the study casts of the EarlyTx and LateTx groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Successful Class II correction was observed in approximately three quarters of both the EarlyTx group and the LateTx group at the end of treatment. EarlyTx patients had fewer permanent teeth extracted than did the LateTx patients (5.6% vs 37.9%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001) and spent less time in full-bonded appliance therapy in the permanent dentition than did LateTx patients (1.7 \u00b1 0.8 vs 2.6 \u00b1 0.7years,\n                    <jats:italic>P &lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    .001). When supervision time is included, the EarlyTx group had longer total treatment time and averaged more visits than did the LateTx group (53.1 \u00b1 18. 8 vs 33.7 \u00b1 8.3,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .0001). Fifty-five percent of the LateTx extraction cases involved removal of the maxillary first premolars only and were finished in a Class II molar relationship.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    EarlyTx comprehensive mixed-dentition treatment was an effective modality for early correction of Class II malocclusions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/012616-72.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T09:38:01Z","timestamp":1467970681000},"page":"56-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A retrospective study of Class II mixed-dentition treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Heesoo","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheldon","family":"Baumrind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, and Director, Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Laboratory, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward L","family":"Korn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Statistician, Biometric Research Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Dugoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunct Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Boero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryse","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"The limitations of orthodontic treatment: 1. Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment","volume":"33","author":"Nance \n              HN.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Nance \n              HN. \n            \n          \n          The limitations of orthodontic treatment: 1. Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod. 1947;33:177\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"504","article-title":"Objectives of mixed dentition treatment in orthodontics","volume":"50","author":"Dewel \n              BF.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Dewel \n              BF. \n            \n          \n          Objectives of mixed dentition treatment in orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1964;50:504\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"391","article-title":"The effect of early intervention on skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"111","author":"Tulloch \n              JFC,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tulloch \n              JFC, \n            \n            \n              Phillips \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Koch \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Proffit \n              WR. \n            \n          \n          The effect of early intervention on skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:391\u2013400."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"657","article-title":"Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment","volume":"125","author":"Tulloch \n              JFC,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tulloch \n              JFC, \n            \n            \n              Proffit \n              WR, \n            \n            \n              Phillips \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:657\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"573","article-title":"Early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"135","author":"O'Brien \n              K,","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Brien \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Wright \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Conboy \n              F, \n            \n            et al. \n          Early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:573\u2013579."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effectiveness of early treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"121","author":"Wheeler \n              TT,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wheeler \n              TT, \n            \n            \n              McGorray \n              SP, \n            \n            \n              Dolce \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Taylor \n              MG, \n            \n            \n              King \n              GJ. \n            \n          \n          Effectiveness of early treatment of Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:9\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Differential diagnosis and treatment planning for early mixed dentition malocclusions","volume":"129","author":"Dugoni \n              S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dugoni \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Aubert \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Baumrind \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Differential diagnosis and treatment planning for early mixed dentition malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:S80\u2013S81."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method","volume":"78","author":"Baumrind \n              S,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baumrind \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Miller \n              D. \n            \n          \n          Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method. 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Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136:65\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"411","article-title":"Phillips C, Broder HL, Tulloch JFC. Self-concept, Class II malocclusion, and early treatment","volume":"65","author":"Dann \n              C,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dann \n              C, \n            \n          \n          Phillips C, Broder HL, Tulloch JFC. Self-concept, Class II malocclusion, and early treatment. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:411\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"488","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 2: psychosocial effects","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien \n              K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Wright \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Conboy \n              F, \n            \n            et al. \n          Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 2: psychosocial effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:488\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"5","article-title":"Proceedings of the workshop discussions on early treatment","volume":"113","author":"Bishara \n              SE,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara \n              SE, \n            \n            \n              Justus \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Graber \n              TM. \n            \n          \n          Proceedings of the workshop discussions on early treatment. 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Angle Orthod. 2000;70:471\u2013483."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b15","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth in children","author":"Thiruvenkatachari \n              B,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiruvenkatachari \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Harrison \n              JE, \n            \n            \n              Worthington \n              HV, \n            \n            \n              O'Brien \n              KD. \n            \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"The limitations of orthodontic treatment: 1. Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment","volume":"33","author":"Nance \n              HN.","year":"1947","unstructured":"Nance \n              HN. \n            \n          \n          The limitations of orthodontic treatment: 1. Mixed dentition diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod. 1947;33:177\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"504","article-title":"Objectives of mixed dentition treatment in orthodontics","volume":"50","author":"Dewel \n              BF.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Dewel \n              BF. \n            \n          \n          Objectives of mixed dentition treatment in orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1964;50:504\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"391","article-title":"The effect of early intervention on skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"111","author":"Tulloch \n              JFC,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tulloch \n              JFC, \n            \n            \n              Phillips \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Koch \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Proffit \n              WR. \n            \n          \n          The effect of early intervention on skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:391\u2013400."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"657","article-title":"Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment","volume":"125","author":"Tulloch \n              JFC,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tulloch \n              JFC, \n            \n            \n              Proffit \n              WR, \n            \n            \n              Phillips \n              C. \n            \n          \n          Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:657\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"573","article-title":"Early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"135","author":"O'Brien \n              K,","year":"2009","unstructured":"O'Brien \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Wright \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Conboy \n              F, \n            \n            et al. \n          Early treatment for Class II Division 1 malocclusion with the Twin-block appliance: a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:573\u2013579."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effectiveness of early treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"121","author":"Wheeler \n              TT,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wheeler \n              TT, \n            \n            \n              McGorray \n              SP, \n            \n            \n              Dolce \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Taylor \n              MG, \n            \n            \n              King \n              GJ. \n            \n          \n          Effectiveness of early treatment of Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:9\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Differential diagnosis and treatment planning for early mixed dentition malocclusions","volume":"129","author":"Dugoni \n              S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dugoni \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Aubert \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Baumrind \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Differential diagnosis and treatment planning for early mixed dentition malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:S80\u2013S81."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method","volume":"78","author":"Baumrind \n              S,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baumrind \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Miller \n              D. \n            \n          \n          Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method. 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Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136:65\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"411","article-title":"Phillips C, Broder HL, Tulloch JFC. Self-concept, Class II malocclusion, and early treatment","volume":"65","author":"Dann \n              C,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dann \n              C, \n            \n          \n          Phillips C, Broder HL, Tulloch JFC. Self-concept, Class II malocclusion, and early treatment. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:411\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"488","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 2: psychosocial effects","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien \n              K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Wright \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Conboy \n              F, \n            \n            et al. \n          Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 2: psychosocial effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:488\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"5","article-title":"Proceedings of the workshop discussions on early treatment","volume":"113","author":"Bishara \n              SE,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara \n              SE, \n            \n            \n              Justus \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Graber \n              TM. \n            \n          \n          Proceedings of the workshop discussions on early treatment. 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Angle Orthod. 2000;70:471\u2013483."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-56-b15","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth in children","author":"Thiruvenkatachari \n              B,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiruvenkatachari \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Harrison \n              JE, \n            \n            \n              Worthington \n              HV, \n            \n            \n              O'Brien \n              KD. \n            \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/87\/1\/article-p56.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/87\/1\/56\/1399491\/012616-72_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/87\/1\/article-p56.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/87\/1\/article-p56.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:20:02Z","timestamp":1780068002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/87\/1\/article-p56.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/012616-72.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}