{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:51:49Z","timestamp":1787025109140,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although modern standards of ideal proportions and facial esthetics are based mostly on observations of human faces as depicted in Classical Greek masterpieces of art, the real faces of ordinary ancient Greeks have, until now, remained elusive and subject to the imagination. Objective forensic techniques of facial reconstruction have never been applied before, because human skeletal material from Classical Greece has been extremely scarce, since most decent burials of that time required cremation. Here, the authors show stage by stage the facial reconstruction of an 11-year-old girl whose skull was unearthed in excellent condition from a mass grave with victims of the Plague that struck Athens of 430\n                    <jats:sc>bc<\/jats:sc>\n                    . The original skull was replicated via three-dimensional modeling and rapid prototyping techniques. The reconstruction followed the Manchester method, laying the facial tissues from the surface of the skull outward by using depth-marker pegs as thickness guides. The shape, size, and position of the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth were determined according to features of the underlying skeletal tissues, whereas the hairstyle followed the fashion of the time. This is the first case of facial reconstruction of a layperson residing in Athens of the Golden Age of Pericles. It is ironic, however, that this unfortunate girl who lived such a short life in ancient Athens, will now, 2500\u00a0years later, have the chance to travel and be universally recognizable in a world much bigger than anybody in ancient Athens could have ever imagined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/012710-58.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,11]],"date-time":"2010-10-11T15:27:24Z","timestamp":1286810844000},"page":"169-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Facial reconstruction of an 11-year-old female resident of 430 BC Athens"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Manolis J.","family":"Papagrigorakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippos N.","family":"Synodinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristomenis","family":"Antoniadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Maravelakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Toulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Baziotopoulou-Valavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"351","article-title":"The biological significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series.","volume":"81","author":"Ricketts, R. 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W. and T. R.Bergman. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part I.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2003. 103:299\u2013312."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b04","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"105","article-title":"Selected aspects of the art and science of facial esthetics.","volume":"1","author":"Peck, S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Peck, S. and L.Peck. Selected aspects of the art and science of facial esthetics.Semin Orthod1995. 1:105\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"472","article-title":"Divine proportions in the growing face.","volume":"134","author":"Ferring, V.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferring, V. and H.Pancherz. 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L.\n          \n          Race, type and ethnic group in ancient Greece.\n          Hum Biol\n          1946. 8:1\u201332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"195","article-title":"A comparative cephalometric investigation of the Greek craniofacial pattern through 4000\u00a0years.","volume":"59","author":"Argyropoulos, E.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Argyropoulos, E., V.Sassouni, and A.Xeniotou. A comparative cephalometric investigation of the Greek craniofacial pattern through 4000\u00a0years.Angle Orthod1989. 59:195\u2013204."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b09","series-title":"Craniofacial Morphology in Ancient Greece [master's thesis]","author":"Papagrigorakis, M. J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Papagrigorakis, M. J.\n          \n          Craniofacial Morphology in Ancient Greece [master's thesis]. 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BAR International Series 1031","first-page":"187","article-title":"Mass burial from the cemetery of Kerameikos.","author":"Baziotopoulou-Valavani, E. A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baziotopoulou-Valavani, E. A.\n          \n          Mass burial from the cemetery of Kerameikos.\n          In\n          \n            \n              Stamatopoulou, M. and M.Yeroulanou. eds.Excavating Classical Culture: Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Greece: Studies in Ancient Archaeology I. BAR International Series 1031. Oxford, UKArchaeopress. 2002. 187\u2013201."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b13","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"206","article-title":"DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as the possible cause of the Plague of Athens.","volume":"10","author":"Papagrigorakis, M. J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papagrigorakis, M. J., C.Yapijakis, P. N.Synodinos, and E.Baziotopoulou-Valavani. DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as the possible cause of the Plague of Athens.Int J Infect Dis2006. 10:206\u2013214."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b14","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"126","article-title":"Ancient typhoid epidemic reveals possible ancestral strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.","volume":"7","author":"Papagrigorakis, M. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Papagrigorakis, M. J., P. N.Synodinos, and C.Yapijakis. Ancient typhoid epidemic reveals possible ancestral strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.Infect Genet Evol2007. 7:126\u2013127."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"152","article-title":"Dental status and orthodontic treatment needs of an 11-year-old female resident of Athens, 430 BC.","volume":"78","author":"Papagrigorakis, M. J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Papagrigorakis, M. J., P. N.Synodinos, and E.Baziotopoulou-Valavani. Dental status and orthodontic treatment needs of an 11-year-old female resident of Athens, 430 BC.Angle Orthod2008. 78:152\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b16","series-title":"J Archaeol Sci","first-page":"278","article-title":"The face of the poet Dante Alighieri reconstructed by virtual modeling and forensic anthropology techniques.","volume":"36","author":"Benazzi, S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benazzi, S., M.Fantini, F.De Crescenzio, G.Mallegni, F.Mallegni, F.Persiani, and G.Gruppioni. The face of the poet Dante Alighieri reconstructed by virtual modeling and forensic anthropology techniques.J Archaeol Sci2009. 36:278\u2013283."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b17","series-title":"J Med Eng Technol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Reverse engineering techniques for cranioplasty: a case study.","volume":"32","author":"Maravelakis, E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maravelakis, E., K.David, A.Antoniadis, A.Manios, N.Bilalis, and Y.Papaharilaou. Reverse engineering techniques for cranioplasty: a case study.J Med Eng Technol2008. 32:115\u2013121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b18","series-title":"Rapid Prot J","first-page":"275","article-title":"Preliminary study of rapid prototype medical models.","volume":"7","author":"Sanghera, B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sanghera, B., S.Naique, Y.Papaharilaou, and A.Amis. Preliminary study of rapid prototype medical models.Rapid Prot J2001. 7:275\u2013284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b19","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Medical rapid prototyping technologies: state of the art and current limitations for application in oral and maxillofacial surgery.","volume":"63","author":"Winder, J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Winder, J. and R.Bibb. 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M.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gerasimov, M. M.\n          \n          The Face Finder. Philadelphia, PAJB Lippincott Co. 1971."},{"key":"i0003-3219-81-1-169-b23","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"235","article-title":"Facial reconstruction\u2014anatomical art or artistic anatomy?","volume":"216","author":"Wilkinson, C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilkinson, C.\n          \n          Facial reconstruction\u2014anatomical art or artistic anatomy?\n          J Anat\n          2010. 216:235\u2013250."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/81\/1\/article-p169.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/81\/1\/article-p169.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/81\/1\/article-p169.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T20:52:18Z","timestamp":1747342338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/81\/1\/article-p169.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/012710-58.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}