{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:02:17Z","timestamp":1780070537895,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To identify esthetic characteristics of the orbital soft tissues of attractive Italian adult women and men.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Three-dimensional computerized digitizers were used to collect the coordinates of facial landmarks in 199 healthy, normal subjects aged 18 to 30\u00a0years (71 women, 128 men; mean age, 22\u00a0years) and in 126 coetaneous attractive subjects (92 women, 34 men; mean age, 20\u00a0years) selected during beauty competitions. From the landmarks, six linear distances, two ratios, six angles, and two areas were calculated. Attractive subjects were compared with normal ones by computing z-scores.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Intercanthal width was reduced while eye fissure lengths were increased in both genders. Orbital heights (os-or) were increased only in attractive women, with a significant gender-related difference. The inclinations of the eye fissure were increased in attractive subjects, while the inclinations of the orbit were reduced. For several of the analyzed measurements, similar patterns of z-scores were observed for attractive men and women (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .883).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Attractive women and men had several specific esthetic characteristics in their orbital soft tissues; esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal goals in surgical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/012814-75.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T09:56:05Z","timestamp":1400838965000},"page":"127-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparison of soft-tissue orbital morphometry in attractive and normal Italian subjects"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Chiarella","family":"Sforza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Human Anatomy, Functional Anatomy Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Dolci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Human Anatomy, Functional Anatomy Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Grandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Scientist, Functional Anatomy Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca M.","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Scientist, Functional Anatomy Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Laino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Dentistry, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontotomatologiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgilio F.","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Human Anatomy, Functional Anatomy Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b01","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"741","article-title":"History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness","volume":"118","author":"Bashour\n M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bashour\n M. \n \n History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:741\u2013756."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b02","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"757","article-title":"An objective system for measuring facial attractiveness","volume":"118","author":"Bashour\n M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bashour\n M. \n \n An objective system for measuring facial attractiveness. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:757\u2013774."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b03","series-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"52","article-title":"Is medial canthal tilt a powerful cue for facial attractiveness","volume":"23","author":"Bashour\n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bashour\n M, \n \n Geist\n C. \n \n Is medial canthal tilt a powerful cue for facial attractiveness? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23:52\u201356."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b04","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"48","article-title":"The use of facial anthropometrics in aesthetic assessment","volume":"47","author":"Edler\n R,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edler\n R, \n \n Rahim\n MA, \n \n Wertheim\n D, \n \n Greenhill\n D. \n \n The use of facial anthropometrics in aesthetic assessment. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2010;47:48\u201357."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b05","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"147","article-title":"Ideal female brow aesthetics","volume":"40","author":"Griffin\n GR,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffin\n GR, \n \n Kim\n JC. \n \n Ideal female brow aesthetics. Clin Plast Surg. 2013;40:147\u2013155."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b06","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"89","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: an inter-racial study","volume":"44","author":"Kunjur\n J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kunjur\n J, \n \n Sabesan\n T, \n \n Ilankovan\n V. \n \n Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: an inter-racial study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:89\u201393."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b07","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"282","article-title":"Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women","volume":"8","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n Laino\n A, \n \n D'Alessio\n R, \n \n . Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women. 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Forensic Sci Int. 2009;185:115.e1\u2013115.e8."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b11","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"180.e1","article-title":"Morphometry of the soft tissues of the orbital region in Northern Sudanese subjects","volume":"228","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n Elamin\n F, \n \n Tommasi\n DG, \n \n Dolci\n C, \n \n Ferrario\n VF. \n \n Morphometry of the soft tissues of the orbital region in Northern Sudanese subjects. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;228:180.e1\u2013180.e11."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b12","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1825","article-title":"Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face","volume":"63","author":"Husein\n OF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Husein\n OF, \n \n Sepehr\n A, \n \n Garg\n R, \n \n . Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:1825\u20131831."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b13","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"133","article-title":"Upper blepharoplasty: the aesthetic ideal","volume":"40","author":"Pepper\n JP,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pepper\n JP, \n \n Moyer\n JS. \n \n Upper blepharoplasty: the aesthetic ideal. Clin Plast Surg. 2013;40:133\u2013138."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b14","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"615","article-title":"Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians","volume":"124","author":"Price\n KM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Price\n KM, \n \n Gupta\n PK, \n \n Woodward\n JA, \n \n Stinnett\n SS, \n \n Murchison\n AP. \n \n Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:615\u2013623."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b15","series-title":"Symmetry","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Three-dimensional facial asymmetry in attractive and normal people from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"2","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n Laino\n A, \n \n Grandi\n G, \n \n Pisoni\n L, \n \n Ferrario\n VF. \n \n Three-dimensional facial asymmetry in attractive and normal people from childhood to young adulthood. Symmetry. 2010;2:1925\u20131944."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"283","article-title":"Methods to evaluate profile preferences for the anteroposterior position of the mandible","volume":"130","author":"Orsini\n MG,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orsini\n MG, \n \n Huang\n GJ, \n \n Kiyak\n HA, \n \n . Methods to evaluate profile preferences for the anteroposterior position of the mandible. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:283\u2013291."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b17","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"7","article-title":"The female soft tissue profile as presented in fashion magazines during the 1900s: a photographic analysis","volume":"14","author":"Auger\n TA,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Auger\n TA, \n \n Turley\n PK. \n \n The female soft tissue profile as presented in fashion magazines during the 1900s: a photographic analysis. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1999;14:7\u201318."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"450.e1","article-title":"Changes in esthetic standards since 1940","volume":"137","author":"Berneburg\n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berneburg\n M, \n \n Dietz\n K, \n \n Niederle\n C, \n \n G\u00f6z\n G. \n \n Changes in esthetic standards since 1940. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:208\u2013217."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b21","series-title":"Perception","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Perceived health contributes to the attractiveness of facial symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism","volume":"36","author":"Rhodes\n G,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rhodes\n G, \n \n Yoshikawa\n S, \n \n Palermo\n R, \n \n . Perceived health contributes to the attractiveness of facial symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism. Perception. 2007;36:1244\u20131252."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b22","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"3439","article-title":"A new 3-D tool for planning plastic surgery","volume":"59","author":"Bottino\n A,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bottino\n A, \n \n De Simone\n M, \n \n Laurentini\n A, \n \n Sforza\n C. \n \n A new 3-D tool for planning plastic surgery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012;59:3439\u20133449."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"17","article-title":"Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Italian women as compared to normal women","volume":"79","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n Laino\n A, \n \n D'Alessio\n R, \n \n Grandi\n G, \n \n Binelli\n M, \n \n Ferrario\n VF. \n \n Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Italian women as compared to normal women. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:17\u201323."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b24","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"683","article-title":"Applications of pattern profile analysis to malformations of the head and face","volume":"150","author":"Garn\n SM,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Garn\n SM, \n \n Smith\n BH, \n \n Lavelle\n M. \n \n Applications of pattern profile analysis to malformations of the head and face. Radiology. 1984;150:683\u2013690."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b25","series-title":"J Anthropol Sci","first-page":"159","article-title":"Soft- and hard-tissue facial anthropometry in three dimensions: what's new","volume":"91","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n de Menezes\n M, \n \n Ferrario\n V. \n \n Soft- and hard-tissue facial anthropometry in three dimensions: what's new. J Anthropol Sci. 2013;91:159\u2013184."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b26","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Soft tissue facial morphometry before and after total oral rehabilitation with implant-supported prostheses","volume":"23","author":"Tartaglia\n GM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tartaglia\n GM, \n \n Dolci\n C, \n \n Sidequersky\n FV, \n \n Ferrario\n VF, \n \n Sforza\n C. \n \n Soft tissue facial morphometry before and after total oral rehabilitation with implant-supported prostheses. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:1610\u20131614."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b27","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"52","article-title":"Objective anthropometric analysis of eyelid reconstruction procedures","volume":"41","author":"Raschke\n GF,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raschke\n GF, \n \n Rieger\n UM, \n \n Bader\n RD, \n \n Sch\u00e4fer\n O, \n \n Schultze-Mosgau\n S. \n \n Objective anthropometric analysis of eyelid reconstruction procedures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013;41:52\u201358."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b01","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"741","article-title":"History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness","volume":"118","author":"Bashour\n M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bashour\n M. \n \n History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness. 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Forensic Sci Int. 2009;185:115.e1\u2013115.e8."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b11","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"180.e1","article-title":"Morphometry of the soft tissues of the orbital region in Northern Sudanese subjects","volume":"228","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n Elamin\n F, \n \n Tommasi\n DG, \n \n Dolci\n C, \n \n Ferrario\n VF. \n \n Morphometry of the soft tissues of the orbital region in Northern Sudanese subjects. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;228:180.e1\u2013180.e11."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b12","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1825","article-title":"Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face","volume":"63","author":"Husein\n OF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Husein\n OF, \n \n Sepehr\n A, \n \n Garg\n R, \n \n . Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:1825\u20131831."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b13","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"133","article-title":"Upper blepharoplasty: the aesthetic ideal","volume":"40","author":"Pepper\n JP,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pepper\n JP, \n \n Moyer\n JS. \n \n Upper blepharoplasty: the aesthetic ideal. Clin Plast Surg. 2013;40:133\u2013138."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b14","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"615","article-title":"Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians","volume":"124","author":"Price\n KM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Price\n KM, \n \n Gupta\n PK, \n \n Woodward\n JA, \n \n Stinnett\n SS, \n \n Murchison\n AP. \n \n Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: an anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:615\u2013623."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b15","series-title":"Symmetry","first-page":"1925","article-title":"Three-dimensional facial asymmetry in attractive and normal people from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"2","author":"Sforza\n C,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sforza\n C, \n \n Laino\n A, \n \n Grandi\n G, \n \n Pisoni\n L, \n \n Ferrario\n VF. \n \n Three-dimensional facial asymmetry in attractive and normal people from childhood to young adulthood. Symmetry. 2010;2:1925\u20131944."},{"key":"angl-86-04-17-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"283","article-title":"Methods to evaluate profile preferences for the anteroposterior position of the mandible","volume":"130","author":"Orsini\n MG,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Orsini\n MG, \n \n Huang\n GJ, \n \n Kiyak\n HA, \n \n . Methods to evaluate profile preferences for the anteroposterior position of the mandible. 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