{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:29:17Z","timestamp":1787581757138,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if temporomandibular joint (TMJ) compressive stresses during incisor biting (1) differed between growing children over time, and (2) were correlated with Frankfort Horizontal-mandibular plane angle (FHMPA, \u00b0) and ramus length (Condylion-Gonion (Co-Go), mm).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three-dimensional anatomical geometries, FHMPA and Co-Go, were measured longitudinally from lateral and posteroanterior cephalographs\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      of children aged 6 (T1), 12 (T2), and 18 (T3) years. Geometries were used in numerical models to estimate subject-specific TMJ eminence shape and forces for incisor bite-forces of 3, 5, and 8 Newtons at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. TMJ compressive stresses were estimated via two steps: First, TMJ force divided by age-dependent mandibular condylar dimensions, and second, modified by loading surfaces' congruency. Analysis of variance and Tukey honest significant difference post-hoc tests, plus repeated measures and mixed effects model analyses were used to evaluate differences in variables between facial groups. Regression analyses tested for correlation between age-dependent compressive stresses, FHMPA, and Co-Go.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-five of 842 potential subjects had T1-T3 cephalographs and were grouped by FHMPA at T3. Dolichofacial (FHMPA \u2265 27\u00b0, n = 36) compared to meso-brachyfacial (FHMPA&lt; 27\u00b0, n = 29) subjects had significantly larger FHMPA at T1-T3, shorter Co-Go at T2 and T3 (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01), and larger increases in TMJ compressive stresses with age (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001). Higher compressive stresses were correlated with larger FHMPA (all R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2265 0.41) and shorter Co-Go (all R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2265 0.49).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated TMJ compressive stress increases from ages 6 to 18 years were significantly larger in dolichofacial compared to meso-brachyfacial subjects and correlated to FHMPA and Co-Go.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/012921-84.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T09:56:37Z","timestamp":1628762197000},"page":"11-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A theoretical analysis of longitudinal temporomandibular joint compressive stresses and mandibular growth"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Riddhi J.","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura R.","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohyon M.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b01","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amercian Association of Orthodontists Foundation Legacy Collection.\n          Available at: https:\/\/www.aaoflegacycollection.org\/aaof_aboutsite.html. Accessed Oct 20,\n          2020."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b02","series-title":"AAO eBulletin 14 December 2017","article-title":"Member survey responses show average new patient starts highest on record","author":"American Association of Orthodontists.","unstructured":"American Association of Orthodontists.\n          \n          Member survey responses show average new patient starts highest on record.\n\t\t\t\t\tAAO eBulletin 14 December 2017.\n\t\t\t\t\t(URL no longer active; cited from archival copy at AAO headquarters, St. Louis, MO)."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"337","article-title":"Orthodontic dental patients and expenditures\u20132004","volume":"134","author":"Guay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guay\n              AH,\n            \n            \n              Brown\n              LJ,\n            \n            \n              Wall\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Orthodontic dental patients and expenditures\u20132004.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t134:\n\t\t\t\t\t337\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t343."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"672","article-title":"Children's orthodontic utilization in the United States: Socioeconomic and surveillance considerations","volume":"152","author":"Laniado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laniado\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Oliva\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Matthews\n              GJ.\n            \n          \n          Children's orthodontic utilization in the United States: Socioeconomic and surveillance considerations.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t152:\n\t\t\t\t\t672\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t678."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"631","article-title":"Occurrence of malocclusion 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    K,\n            \n            \n              Wright\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Conboy\n              F,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t128\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t137."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"657","article-title":"Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment","volume":"125","author":"Tulloch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tulloch\n              JF,\n            \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR,\n            \n            \n              Phillips\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t125:\n\t\t\t\t\t657\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t667."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b08","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Buschang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH,\n            \n            \n              Roldan\n              SI,\n            \n            \n              Tadlock\n              LP.\n            \n          \n          Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSemin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t321\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"103","article-title":"Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: a longitudinal 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J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t31:\n\t\t\t\t\t59\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t68."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients","volume":"88","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Campbell\n              PM,\n            \n            \n              Tadlock\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Schneiderman\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Buschang\n              PH.\n            \n          \n          Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b12","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"145","article-title":"Jaw mechanics in dolichofacial and brachyfacial phenotypes: A longitudinal cephalometric-based study","volume":"20","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n              LR,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Nickel\n              JC.\n            \n          \n          Jaw mechanics in dolichofacial and brachyfacial phenotypes: A longitudinal cephalometric-based study.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t20Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t145\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t150."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b13","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"272","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint function and morphology: observations on the spectra of normalcy","volume":"58","author":"O'Ryan","year":"1984","unstructured":"O'Ryan\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Epker\n              BN.\n            \n          \n          Temporomandibular joint 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the rat in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Copray","year":"1986","unstructured":"Copray\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Jansen\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Duterloo\n              HS.\n            \n          \n          Growth and growth pressure of mandibular condylar and some primary cartilages of the rat in vitro.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t90:\n\t\t\t\t\t19\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t28."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b16","series-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth","volume":"115","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinton\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Jing\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Feng\n              JQ.\n            \n          \n          Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Top Dev Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t115:\n\t\t\t\t\t85\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b17","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Mechanobehavior and Ontogenesis of the Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"97","author":"Nickel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nickel\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Iwasaki\n              LR,\n            \n            \n              Gonzalez\n              YM,\n            \n            \n              Gallo\n              LM,\n            \n            \n              Yao\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Mechanobehavior and Ontogenesis of the Temporomandibular Joint.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t97:\n\t\t\t\t\t1185\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1192."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b18","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"212","article-title":"Human masticatory muscle forces during static 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al.\n          \n          Human temporomandibular joint eminence shape and load minimization.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t722\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t727."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b20","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"568","article-title":"Muscle organization in individuals with and without pain and joint dysfunction","volume":"91","author":"Nickel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nickel\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Gonzalez\n              YM,\n            \n            \n              McCall\n              WD,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Muscle organization in individuals with and without pain and joint dysfunction.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t91:\n\t\t\t\t\t568\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t573."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"456","article-title":"Are maximum bite forces of subjects 7 to 17 years of age related to 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        Covington Riddle\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Iwasaki\n              LR.\n            \n          \n          Mechanobehaviour in dolichofacial and brachyfacial adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t20Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t139\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t144."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b23","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"2512","article-title":"Size, shape and age-related changes of the mandibular condyle during childhood","volume":"20","author":"Karlo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karlo\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Stolzmann\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Habernig\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Muller\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Saurenmann\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Kellenberger\n              CJ.\n            \n          \n          Size, shape and age-related changes of the mandibular condyle during childhood.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur Radiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t20:\n\t\t\t\t\t2512\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2517."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b24","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"315","article-title":"An analysis of surface congruity in the growing human temporomandibular joint","volume":"39","author":"Nickel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nickel\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              McLachlan\n              KR.\n            \n          \n          An analysis of surface congruity in the growing human temporomandibular joint.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Oral Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t315\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t321."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b25","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Maximum bite force, muscle efficiency and mechanical advantage 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bite force and facial morphology in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t415\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t422;\n\t\t\t\t\tdiscussion 423\u2013414."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b27","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"164","article-title":"Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities","volume":"18","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallo\n              LM,\n            \n            \n              Iwasaki\n              LR,\n            \n            \n              Gonzalez\n              YM,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Marx\n              DB,\n            \n            \n              Nickel\n              JC.\n            \n          \n          Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t18Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t164\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t169."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b01","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amercian Association of Orthodontists Foundation Legacy Collection.\n          Available at: https:\/\/www.aaoflegacycollection.org\/aaof_aboutsite.html. 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patients and expenditures\u20132004.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t134:\n\t\t\t\t\t337\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t343."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"672","article-title":"Children's orthodontic utilization in the United States: Socioeconomic and surveillance considerations","volume":"152","author":"Laniado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laniado\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Oliva\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Matthews\n              GJ.\n            \n          \n          Children's orthodontic utilization in the United States: Socioeconomic and surveillance considerations.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t152:\n\t\t\t\t\t672\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t678."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"631","article-title":"Occurrence of malocclusion 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    K,\n            \n            \n              Wright\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Conboy\n              F,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t128\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t137."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"657","article-title":"Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment","volume":"125","author":"Tulloch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tulloch\n              JF,\n            \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR,\n            \n            \n              Phillips\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t125:\n\t\t\t\t\t657\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t667."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b08","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Buschang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH,\n            \n            \n              Roldan\n              SI,\n            \n            \n              Tadlock\n              LP.\n            \n          \n          Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSemin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t321\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"103","article-title":"Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: a longitudinal 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the rat in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Copray","year":"1986","unstructured":"Copray\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Jansen\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Duterloo\n              HS.\n            \n          \n          Growth and growth pressure of mandibular condylar and some primary cartilages of the rat in vitro.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t90:\n\t\t\t\t\t19\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t28."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b16","series-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth","volume":"115","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinton\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Jing\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Feng\n              JQ.\n            \n          \n          Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and 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bite force and facial morphology in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t415\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t422;\n\t\t\t\t\tdiscussion 423\u2013414."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-92-1-11-b27","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"164","article-title":"Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities","volume":"18","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallo\n              LM,\n            \n            \n              Iwasaki\n              LR,\n            \n            \n              Gonzalez\n              YM,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Marx\n              DB,\n            \n            \n              Nickel\n              JC.\n            \n          \n          Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t18Suppl 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