{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:06:37Z","timestamp":1780067197594,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effect of friction vs frictionless mechanics on the rate of anterior segment retraction (ASR) in patients with bimaxillary protrusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n Thirty females (18.3 \u00b1 3.7 years) with bimaxillary protrusion were randomly allocated into the friction group, using elastomeric power chains, and the frictionless group, using T-loop springs for ASR. Eligibility criteria included absence of skeletal discrepancies and any systemic diseases or medications, among others. Randomization in a 1:1 ratio was generated by Microsoft Excel. Opaque sealed envelopes were sequentially numbered for allocation concealment. Only blinding of the outcome assessor was applicable. Activations were done every 4 weeks until completion of ASR. The primary outcome was the rate of ASR measured on digital models. Anchorage loss, molar rotation, and pain experienced were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Two patients were lost to follow-up. The rate of ASR was 0.68 \u00b1 0.18 mm\/mo in the friction group vs 0.88 \u00b1 0.27 mm\/mo in the frictionless group, with no significant difference. A significant difference in anchorage loss of 1.63 mm and molar rotation of 7.06\u00b0 was observed, being higher in the frictionless group. A comparable pain experience associated with both mechanics was reported.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n No difference in the rate of ASR or pain experience was observed between friction and frictionless mechanics. However, extra anchorage measures should be considered when using frictionless mechanics as greater anchorage loss and molar rotations are anticipated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/013022-88.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T10:28:46Z","timestamp":1660559326000},"page":"738-745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the rate of anterior segment retraction in orthodontic patients with bimaxillary protrusion using friction vs frictionless mechanics: a single-center, single-blind randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Monica Guirguis Youssif","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorra M. H. D.","family":"Izzat Bakhit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad A.","family":"El Sharaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehya A.","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Mohamed","family":"Dehis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Mavreas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mavreas\n D\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAthanasiouAE.\n Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;30:386\u2013395."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"99","article-title":"A clinical study of maxillary canine retraction with a retraction spring and with sliding mechanics","volume":"95","author":"Ziegler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ziegler\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIngervallB.\n A clinical study of maxillary canine retraction with a retraction spring and with sliding mechanics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;95:99\u2013106."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"442","article-title":"Friction and resistance to sliding in orthodontics: a critical review","volume":"135","author":"Burrow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burrow\n SJ.\n \n \n Friction and resistance to sliding in orthodontics: a critical review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;135:442\u2013447."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"A comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics with a new typodont simulation system","volume":"119","author":"Chun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chun\n YS\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRheeJN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRowJ.\n A comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics with a new typodont simulation system.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;119:292\u2013299."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Comparison of maxillary canine retraction with sliding mechanics and a retraction spring: a three-dimensional analysis based on a midpalatal orthodontic implant","volume":"26","author":"Hayashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayashi\n K\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUechiJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMurataM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMizoguchiI.\n Comparison of maxillary canine retraction with sliding mechanics and a retraction spring: a three-dimensional analysis based on a midpalatal orthodontic implant.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;26:585\u2013589."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"33","article-title":"The retraction of upper incisors with the PG retraction system","volume":"22","author":"Din\u00e7er","year":"2000","unstructured":"Din\u00e7er\n M\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tG\u00fcl\u015fenA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u00fcrkT.\n The retraction of upper incisors with the PG retraction system.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;22:33\u201341."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b07","series-title":"Modern Edgewise Mechanics and the Segmented Arch Technique. 1st ed","author":"Burstone","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHanleyKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSteenbergenEV.\n \n Modern Edgewise Mechanics and the Segmented Arch Technique. 1st ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tFarmington, Conn:\n\t\t\t\t\tOrmco Coporation;1995."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b08","series-title":"Implantoprotetyka","first-page":"33","article-title":"Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"10","author":"Motyl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Motyl\n S\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTrautzelK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSt\u00f3sW.\n Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tImplantoprotetyka.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;10:33\u201336."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"161","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy and measurement sensitivity of digital models for orthodontic purposes: a systematic review","volume":"149","author":"Rossini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossini\n G\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParriniS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCastroflorioT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDeregibusA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDebernardiCL.\n Diagnostic accuracy and measurement sensitivity of digital models for orthodontic purposes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;149:161\u2013170."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b10","series-title":"Orthod Craniofacial Res","first-page":"351","article-title":"Palatal rugae positional changes during orthodontic treatment of growing patients","volume":"24","author":"Pazera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pazera\n C\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGkantidisN.\n Palatal rugae positional changes during orthodontic treatment of growing patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofacial Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;24:351\u2013359."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b11","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Aboalnaga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aboalnaga\n AA\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSalah FayedMM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEl-AshmawiNA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolimanSA.\n Effect of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;20:1."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"347","article-title":"Anchorage loss assessment of the indirect anchor tooth during adjunctive orthodontic treatment","volume":"155","author":"Jang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jang\n W\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChoiYJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHwangS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChungCJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKimKH.\n Anchorage loss assessment of the indirect anchor tooth during adjunctive orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;155:347\u2013354."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"275","article-title":"Assessment of changes following en-masse retraction with mini-implants anchorage compared to two-step retraction with conventional anchorage in patients with class II division 1 malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Al-Sibaie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Sibaie\n S\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHajeerMY.\n Assessment of changes following en-masse retraction with mini-implants anchorage compared to two-step retraction with conventional anchorage in patients with class II division 1 malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;36:275\u2013283."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"973","article-title":"En masse retraction and two-step retraction of maxillary anterior teeth in adult class I women: a comparison of anchorage loss","volume":"77","author":"Heo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heo\n W\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNahmDS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBaekSH.\n En masse retraction and two-step retraction of maxillary anterior teeth in adult class I women: a comparison of anchorage loss.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;77:973\u2013978."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b15","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"155","article-title":"Comparison of in vivo and in vitro force decay of elastomeric chains\/modules: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"10","author":"Andhare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andhare\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDatanaS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAgarwalSS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChopraSS.\n Comparison of in vivo and in vitro force decay of elastomeric chains\/modules: a systematic review and meta analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ World Fed Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;10:155\u2013162."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"441","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison of canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Barsoum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barsoum\n HA\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tElSayedHS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEl SharabyFA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPalomoJM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMostafaYA.\n Comprehensive comparison of canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;91:441\u2013448."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b17","series-title":"J Orthod Res","first-page":"129","article-title":"Comparison of rate of retraction and anchorage loss using nickel titanium closed coil springs and elastomeric chain during the en-masse retraction: a clinical study","volume":"3","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaudhari\n C\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTarvade (Daokar)S.\n Comparison of rate of retraction and anchorage loss using nickel titanium closed coil springs and elastomeric chain during the en-masse retraction: a clinical study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;3:129."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"803","article-title":"Mini-implant anchorage for en-masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth: a clinical cephalometric study","volume":"134","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYadavS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPatilS.\n Mini-implant anchorage for en-masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth: a clinical cephalometric study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;134:803\u2013810."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"79","article-title":"Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"26","author":"Asl\u0131han","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asl\u0131han\n M.\n \n \n Erdin\u00e7\n E\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDin\u00e7erB.\n Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;26:79\u201385."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"349","article-title":"Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"18","author":"Scheurer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scheurer\n PA\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFirestoneAR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tB\u00fcrginWB.\n Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;18:349\u2013357."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"369","article-title":"(PGE) and interleukin-1\u03b2(IL-1\u03b2) levels in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"105","author":"Grieve","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grieve\n WG\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnsonGK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMooreRN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReinhardtRA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDuBoisLM.ProstaglandinE\n (PGE) and interleukin-1\u03b2(IL-1\u03b2) levels in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;105:369\u2013374."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"190","article-title":"Comparison of anterior retraction and anchorage control between en masse retraction and two-step retraction: a randomized prospective clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schneider\n PP\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJ\u00faniorLGG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDa Costa MoniniA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDos Santos PintoA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKimKB.\n Comparison of anterior retraction and anchorage control between en masse retraction and two-step retraction: a randomized prospective clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;89:190\u2013199."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Optimal loading conditions for controlled movement of anterior teeth in sliding mechanics","volume":"79","author":"Tominaga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tominaga\n J-Y\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTanakaMKogaY,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGonzalesC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKobayashiM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tYoshidaN.\n Optimal loading conditions for controlled movement of anterior teeth in sliding mechanics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;79:1102\u20131107."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Mavreas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mavreas\n D\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAthanasiouAE.\n Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;30:386\u2013395."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"99","article-title":"A clinical study of maxillary canine retraction with a retraction spring and with sliding mechanics","volume":"95","author":"Ziegler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ziegler\n P\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIngervallB.\n A clinical study of maxillary canine retraction with a retraction spring and with sliding mechanics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;95:99\u2013106."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"442","article-title":"Friction and resistance to sliding in orthodontics: a critical review","volume":"135","author":"Burrow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burrow\n SJ.\n \n \n Friction and resistance to sliding in orthodontics: a critical review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;135:442\u2013447."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"A comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics with a new typodont simulation system","volume":"119","author":"Chun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chun\n YS\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRheeJN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRowJ.\n A comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics with a new typodont simulation system.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;119:292\u2013299."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Comparison of maxillary canine retraction with sliding mechanics and a retraction spring: a three-dimensional analysis based on a midpalatal orthodontic implant","volume":"26","author":"Hayashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayashi\n K\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUechiJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMurataM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMizoguchiI.\n Comparison of maxillary canine retraction with sliding mechanics and a retraction spring: a three-dimensional analysis based on a midpalatal orthodontic implant.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;26:585\u2013589."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"33","article-title":"The retraction of upper incisors with the PG retraction system","volume":"22","author":"Din\u00e7er","year":"2000","unstructured":"Din\u00e7er\n M\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tG\u00fcl\u015fenA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tT\u00fcrkT.\n The retraction of upper incisors with the PG retraction system.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;22:33\u201341."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b07","series-title":"Modern Edgewise Mechanics and the Segmented Arch Technique. 1st ed","author":"Burstone","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHanleyKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSteenbergenEV.\n \n Modern Edgewise Mechanics and the Segmented Arch Technique. 1st ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tFarmington, Conn:\n\t\t\t\t\tOrmco Coporation;1995."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b08","series-title":"Implantoprotetyka","first-page":"33","article-title":"Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"10","author":"Motyl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Motyl\n S\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTrautzelK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSt\u00f3sW.\n Perception of pain during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tImplantoprotetyka.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;10:33\u201336."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"161","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy and measurement sensitivity of digital models for orthodontic purposes: a systematic review","volume":"149","author":"Rossini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossini\n G\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tParriniS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCastroflorioT,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDeregibusA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDebernardiCL.\n Diagnostic accuracy and measurement sensitivity of digital models for orthodontic purposes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;149:161\u2013170."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b10","series-title":"Orthod Craniofacial Res","first-page":"351","article-title":"Palatal rugae positional changes during orthodontic treatment of growing patients","volume":"24","author":"Pazera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pazera\n C\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGkantidisN.\n Palatal rugae positional changes during orthodontic treatment of growing patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofacial Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;24:351\u2013359."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b11","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Aboalnaga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aboalnaga\n AA\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSalah FayedMM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEl-AshmawiNA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolimanSA.\n Effect of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;20:1."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"347","article-title":"Anchorage loss assessment of the indirect anchor tooth during adjunctive orthodontic treatment","volume":"155","author":"Jang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jang\n W\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChoiYJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHwangS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChungCJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKimKH.\n Anchorage loss assessment of the indirect anchor tooth during adjunctive orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;155:347\u2013354."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"275","article-title":"Assessment of changes following en-masse retraction with mini-implants anchorage compared to two-step retraction with conventional anchorage in patients with class II division 1 malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Al-Sibaie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Sibaie\n S\n ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHajeerMY.\n Assessment of changes following en-masse retraction with mini-implants anchorage compared to two-step retraction with conventional anchorage in patients with class II division 1 malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;36:275\u2013283."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-6-738-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"973","article-title":"En masse retraction and two-step retraction of maxillary anterior 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