{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:55:44Z","timestamp":1781744144170,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To apply human orthodontic principles in treating malocclusion with dentofacial asymmetry for a juvenile male giant panda in which a developmental anomaly was potentially attributable to accidental maternal injury to the mandible and left forelimb, as well as subsequent amputation of the left forelimb.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Custom orthodontic appliances were designed using intraoral scanning and bonded under general anesthesia. Treatment involved fixed appliances and elastic tractions over a 6-month period. Pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation included clinical examination and computed tomography (CT) scanning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional orthopedic treatment successfully corrected the mandibular deviation, improving facial symmetry and masticatory function. CT scans demonstrated correction of mandibular deviation and compensatory growth of the left cranial base.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case demonstrates successful application of orthodontic principles in treating developmental asymmetry in a giant panda through interdisciplinary collaboration between veterinary and orthodontic specialists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/013125-102.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:44:32Z","timestamp":1778204672000},"page":"381-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional orthopedic treatment for mandibular asymmetry in a giant panda with amputation"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erpan","family":"Alkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Employee Practitioner, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding & The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Employee Practitioner, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding & The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Employee Practitioner, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding & The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Employee Practitioner, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding & The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b01","series-title":"Trends Genet","first-page":"68","article-title":"Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda)","volume":"36","author":"Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei F,\nFan H,\nHu Y. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda). Trends Genet. 2020;36(1):68\u201369."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b02","series-title":"China. J Wildl Dis","first-page":"849","article-title":"Dental abnormalities of eight wild qinling giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), Shaanxi Province","volume":"51","author":"Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin Y,\nChen S,\nChao Y, et al. Dental abnormalities of eight wild qinling giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), Shaanxi Province, China. J Wildl Dis. 2015;51(4):849\u2013859."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b03","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"357","article-title":"Dental abnormalities in eight captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China","volume":"146","author":"Jin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jin Y,\nLin W,\nHuang S, et al. Dental abnormalities in eight captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. J Comp Pathol. 2012;146(4):357\u2013364."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b04","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2171","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD)","volume":"79","author":"Ferneini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferneini EM. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79(10):2171\u20132172."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b05","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"859517","article-title":"Animal models of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: classification and selection","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y,\nAn Y,\nZhou L, et al. Animal models of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: classification and selection. Front Physiol. 2022;13:859517."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b06","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"303","article-title":"Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures","volume":"102","author":"Clubb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clubb R,\nMason GJ. Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2007;102(3\u20134):303\u2013328."},{"issue":"7380","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b07","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"88","article-title":"Skin scarring","volume":"326","author":"Bayat","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bayat A,\nMcGrouther DA,\nFerguson MW. Skin scarring. BMJ. 2003;326(7380):88\u201392."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b08","series-title":"Anat Rec","first-page":"519","article-title":"Spinal cord hypoplasia after limb amputation in the fetal rat","volume":"94","author":"Hall","year":"1946","unstructured":"Hall EK,\nSchneiderhan MA. Spinal cord hypoplasia after limb amputation in the fetal rat. Anat Rec. 1946;94:519."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b09","series-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol","first-page":"443","article-title":"Vascular supplies differ in regenerating and nonregenerating amputated rodent digits","volume":"278","author":"Said","year":"2004","unstructured":"Said S,\nParke W,\nNeufeld DA. Vascular supplies differ in regenerating and nonregenerating amputated rodent digits. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2004;278(1):443\u2013449."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"324","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang X,\nZhu Y,\nLong H, et al. The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38(3):324\u2013333."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b11","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"86","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of temporomandibular joint response to the twin-block functional appliance","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang YY,\nSun L,\nWang H,\nZhao CY,\nZhang WB. Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of temporomandibular joint response to the twin-block functional appliance. Korean J Orthod. 2020;50(2):86\u201397."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b12","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14252","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint and giant panda\u2019s (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) adaptation to bamboo diet","volume":"11","author":"Vallittu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vallittu PK,\nVarrela J,\nSalo J, et al. Temporomandibular joint and giant panda\u2019s (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) adaptation to bamboo diet. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14252."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"683","article-title":"The temporomandibular joint and the disc-condyle relationship after functional orthopaedic treatment: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"23","author":"Watted","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watted N,\nWitt E,\nKenn W. The temporomandibular joint and the disc-condyle relationship after functional orthopaedic treatment: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(6):683\u2013693."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"234","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects","volume":"124","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien K,\nWright J,\nConboy F, et al. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;124(3):234\u2013243; quiz 339."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"250","article-title":"Functional appliances: a review","volume":"95","author":"Bishara","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bishara SE,\nZiaja RR. Functional appliances: a review. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1989;95(3):250\u2013258."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"688","article-title":"Asymmetric dental arch treatment with Forsus fatigue appliances: long-term results","volume":"89","author":"Ak\u0131n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ak\u0131n M,\nErdur EA,\n\u00d6zt\u00fcrk O. Asymmetric dental arch treatment with Forsus fatigue appliances: long-term results. Angle Orthod. 2019;89(5):688\u2013696."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b01","series-title":"Trends Genet","first-page":"68","article-title":"Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda)","volume":"36","author":"Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei F,\nFan H,\nHu Y. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda). Trends Genet. 2020;36(1):68\u201369."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b02","series-title":"China. J Wildl Dis","first-page":"849","article-title":"Dental abnormalities of eight wild qinling giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), Shaanxi Province","volume":"51","author":"Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin Y,\nChen S,\nChao Y, et al. Dental abnormalities of eight wild qinling giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis), Shaanxi Province, China. J Wildl Dis. 2015;51(4):849\u2013859."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b03","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"357","article-title":"Dental abnormalities in eight captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China","volume":"146","author":"Jin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jin Y,\nLin W,\nHuang S, et al. Dental abnormalities in eight captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. J Comp Pathol. 2012;146(4):357\u2013364."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b04","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2171","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD)","volume":"79","author":"Ferneini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferneini EM. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79(10):2171\u20132172."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b05","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"859517","article-title":"Animal models of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: classification and selection","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y,\nAn Y,\nZhou L, et al. Animal models of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: classification and selection. Front Physiol. 2022;13:859517."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b06","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"303","article-title":"Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures","volume":"102","author":"Clubb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clubb R,\nMason GJ. Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2007;102(3\u20134):303\u2013328."},{"issue":"7380","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b07","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"88","article-title":"Skin scarring","volume":"326","author":"Bayat","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bayat A,\nMcGrouther DA,\nFerguson MW. Skin scarring. BMJ. 2003;326(7380):88\u201392."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b08","series-title":"Anat Rec","first-page":"519","article-title":"Spinal cord hypoplasia after limb amputation in the fetal rat","volume":"94","author":"Hall","year":"1946","unstructured":"Hall EK,\nSchneiderhan MA. Spinal cord hypoplasia after limb amputation in the fetal rat. Anat Rec. 1946;94:519."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b09","series-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol","first-page":"443","article-title":"Vascular supplies differ in regenerating and nonregenerating amputated rodent digits","volume":"278","author":"Said","year":"2004","unstructured":"Said S,\nParke W,\nNeufeld DA. Vascular supplies differ in regenerating and nonregenerating amputated rodent digits. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2004;278(1):443\u2013449."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"324","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang X,\nZhu Y,\nLong H, et al. The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38(3):324\u2013333."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b11","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"86","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of temporomandibular joint response to the twin-block functional appliance","volume":"50","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang YY,\nSun L,\nWang H,\nZhao CY,\nZhang WB. Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of temporomandibular joint response to the twin-block functional appliance. Korean J Orthod. 2020;50(2):86\u201397."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b12","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14252","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint and giant panda\u2019s (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) adaptation to bamboo diet","volume":"11","author":"Vallittu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vallittu PK,\nVarrela J,\nSalo J, et al. Temporomandibular joint and giant panda\u2019s (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) adaptation to bamboo diet. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14252."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"683","article-title":"The temporomandibular joint and the disc-condyle relationship after functional orthopaedic treatment: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"23","author":"Watted","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watted N,\nWitt E,\nKenn W. The temporomandibular joint and the disc-condyle relationship after functional orthopaedic treatment: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(6):683\u2013693."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"234","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects","volume":"124","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien K,\nWright J,\nConboy F, et al. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;124(3):234\u2013243; quiz 339."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"250","article-title":"Functional appliances: a review","volume":"95","author":"Bishara","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bishara SE,\nZiaja RR. Functional appliances: a review. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1989;95(3):250\u2013258."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-381-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"688","article-title":"Asymmetric dental arch treatment with Forsus fatigue appliances: long-term results","volume":"89","author":"Ak\u0131n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ak\u0131n M,\nErdur EA,\n\u00d6zt\u00fcrk O. Asymmetric dental arch treatment with Forsus fatigue appliances: long-term results. 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