{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:11:07Z","timestamp":1787166667705,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To examine the effect of mouth breathing on chewing efficiency by evaluating masticatory variables.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Ten adult nasal breathers with normal occlusion and no temporomandibular dysfunction were selected. Subjects were instructed to bite the chewing gum on the habitual side. While breathing through the mouth and nose, the glucide elution from the chewing gum, number of chewing strokes, duration of chewing, and electromyography (EMG) activity of the masseter muscle were evaluated as variables of masticatory efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n The durations required for the chewing of 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 250 strokes were significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05) longer while breathing through the mouth. There was no significant difference in the glucide elution rate (%) for each chewing stroke between nose and mouth breathings. The glucide elution rates for 1- and 3-minute chewing were significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05) lower while breathing through the mouth. However, there was no significant difference in the glucide elution rate for 5-minute chewing between nose and mouth breathings. While chewing for 1, 3, and 5 minutes, the chewing stroke and EMG activity of the masseter muscle were significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a0.05) lower during mouth breathing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n It takes a longer amount of time to complete chewing to obtain higher masticatory efficiency when breathing through the mouth. Therefore, mouth breathing will decrease the masticatory efficiency if the duration of chewing is restricted in everyday life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/020115-80.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T09:46:24Z","timestamp":1438163184000},"page":"227-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The effect of mouth breathing on chewing efficiency"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Miho","family":"Nagaiwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Gunjigake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Department of Health Improvement, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus Professor, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r1","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"405","article-title":"Effects of intense chewing on some parameters of masticatory function","volume":"67","author":"Tzakis\n MG,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tzakis\n MG, \n \n Karlsson\n S, \n \n Carlsson\n GE.\n \n \n Effects of intense chewing on some parameters of masticatory function. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;67:405\u2013409."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r2","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"533","article-title":"Determination of chewing efficiency using muscle work","volume":"53","author":"Paphangkorakit\n J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paphangkorakit\n J, \n \n Chaiyapanya\n N, \n \n Sriladlao\n P, \n \n Pimsupa\n S.\n \n \n Determination of chewing efficiency using muscle work. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53:533\u2013537."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r3","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"829","article-title":"Association between near occlusal contact areas and mixing ability","volume":"41","author":"Horie\n T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horie\n T, \n \n Kanazawa\n M, \n \n Komagamine\n Y, \n \n Hama\n Y, \n \n Minakuchi\n S.\n \n \n Association between near occlusal contact areas and mixing ability. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41:829\u2013835."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r4","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"205","article-title":"Food breakdown patterns produced by human subjects possessing artificial and natural teeth","volume":"13","author":"Lucas\n PW,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lucas\n PW, \n \n Luke\n DA, \n \n Voon\n FC, \n \n Chew\n CL, \n \n Ow\n R.\n \n \n Food breakdown patterns produced by human subjects possessing artificial and natural teeth. J Oral Rehabil. 1986;13:205\u2013214."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r5","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"678","article-title":"Simplified method of estimating masticatory performance","volume":"26","author":"AlAli\n F,","year":"1999","unstructured":"AlAli\n F, \n \n Heath\n MR, \n \n Wright\n PS.\n \n \n Simplified method of estimating masticatory performance. 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J Dent Res. 1990;69:473\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r8","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Within-subject comparisons of implant-supported mandibular prosthesis: evaluation of masticatory function","volume":"73","author":"Feine\n JS,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Feine\n JS, \n \n Maskawi\n K, \n \n de Grangmont\n P, \n \n Donohue\n WB, \n \n Tanguay\n R, \n \n Lund\n JP.\n \n \n Within-subject comparisons of implant-supported mandibular prosthesis: evaluation of masticatory function. J Dent Res. 1994;73:1646\u20131656."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r9","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"589","article-title":"The association between chewing efficiency and occlusal contact area in man","volume":"38","author":"Wilding\n RJC.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilding\n RJC.\n \n \n The association between chewing efficiency and occlusal contact area in man. Arch Oral Biol. 1993;38:589\u2013596."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r10","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"297","article-title":"Bite force and state of dentition","volume":"35","author":"Helkimo\n E,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Helkimo\n E, \n \n Carlsson\n GE, \n \n Helkimo\n M.\n \n \n Bite force and state of dentition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1977;35:297\u2013303."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r11","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"641","article-title":"Determinants of masticatory performance in dentate adults","volume":"46","author":"Hatch\n JP,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hatch\n JP, \n \n Shinkai\n RS, \n \n Sakai\n S, \n \n Rugh\n JD, \n \n Paunovich\n ED.\n \n \n Determinants of masticatory performance in dentate adults. Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46:641\u2013648."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"674","article-title":"The effect of dental efficiency on mastication, food performance","volume":"3","author":"Manly\n RS,","year":"1950","unstructured":"Manly\n RS, \n \n Shiere\n FR?\n \n \n The effect of dental efficiency on mastication, food performance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1950;3:674\u2013685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r13","series-title":"Nihon Kyosei Shika Gakkai Zasshi","first-page":"746","article-title":"Correlations between masticatory performance in chewing gum method and occlusion as well as dento-facial morphology","volume":"47","author":"Hirose\n T,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hirose\n T, \n \n Ito\n G.\n \n \n Correlations between masticatory performance in chewing gum method and occlusion as well as dento-facial morphology. Nihon Kyosei Shika Gakkai Zasshi. 1988;47:746\u2013756."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r14","series-title":"Int J Dent Hyg","first-page":"127","article-title":"The relationships among child's ability of mastication, dietary behaviour and physical fitness","volume":"9","author":"Kibayashi\n M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kibayashi\n M.\n \n \n The relationships among child's ability of mastication, dietary behaviour and physical fitness. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011;9:127\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"559","article-title":"Decreased chewing activity during mouth breathing","volume":"39","author":"Hsu\n HY,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu\n HY, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K.\n \n \n Decreased chewing activity during mouth breathing. J Oral Rehabil. 2012;39:559\u2013567."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r16","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"429","article-title":"Effect of mouth breathing on masticatory muscle activity during chewing food","volume":"40","author":"Ikenaga\n N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ikenaga\n N, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n \n Daimon\n S.\n \n \n Effect of mouth breathing on masticatory muscle activity during chewing food. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40:429\u2013435."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"630.e1","article-title":"Clinical estimation of mouth breathing","volume":"136","author":"Fujimoto\n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fujimoto\n S, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n \n Gunjigake\n K.\n \n \n Clinical estimation of mouth breathing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:630.e1\u2013631.e7."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r18","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"857","article-title":"Daily chewing gum exercise for stabilizing the vertical occlusion","volume":"36","author":"Masumoto\n N,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masumoto\n N, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n \n Fujimoto\n S.\n \n \n Daily chewing gum exercise for stabilizing the vertical occlusion. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36:857\u2013863."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r19","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure","volume":"78","author":"Hidaka\n O,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hidaka\n O, \n \n Iwasaki\n M, \n \n Saito\n M, \n \n Morimoto\n T.\n \n \n Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure. 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Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:675\u2013678."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r26","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"401","article-title":"Coordination of tongue activity during swallowing in mouth-breathing children","volume":"27","author":"Knuml;sel\n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knuml;sel\n M, \n \n Klein\n S, \n \n Bleckmann\n A, \n \n Engelke\n W.\n \n \n Coordination of tongue activity during swallowing in mouth-breathing children. Dysphagia. 2012;27:401\u2013407."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r27","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"181","article-title":"Tongue position after deglutition in subjects with habitual openmouth posture under different functional conditions","volume":"14","author":"Knuml;sel\n M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knuml;sel\n M, \n \n Klein\n S, \n \n Bleckmann\n A, \n \n Engelke\n W.\n \n \n Tongue position after deglutition in subjects with habitual openmouth posture under different functional conditions. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2011;14:181\u2013188."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r28","series-title":"Health Rep","first-page":"47","article-title":"Recent trends in upper respiratory infections, ear infections and asthma among young Canadian children","volume":"21","author":"Thomas\n EM.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomas\n EM.\n \n \n Recent trends in upper respiratory infections, ear infections and asthma among young Canadian children. Health Rep. 2010;21:47\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r29","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Trends in common rhinologic illnesses: analysis of U.S. healthcare surveys 1995\u20132007","volume":"1","author":"Mattos\n JL,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mattos\n JL, \n \n Woodard\n CR, \n \n Payne\n SC.\n \n \n Trends in common rhinologic illnesses: analysis of U.S. healthcare surveys 1995\u20132007. 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J Prosthet Dent. 1992;67:405\u2013409."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r2","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"533","article-title":"Determination of chewing efficiency using muscle work","volume":"53","author":"Paphangkorakit\n J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paphangkorakit\n J, \n \n Chaiyapanya\n N, \n \n Sriladlao\n P, \n \n Pimsupa\n S.\n \n \n Determination of chewing efficiency using muscle work. Arch Oral Biol. 2008;53:533\u2013537."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r3","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"829","article-title":"Association between near occlusal contact areas and mixing ability","volume":"41","author":"Horie\n T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horie\n T, \n \n Kanazawa\n M, \n \n Komagamine\n Y, \n \n Hama\n Y, \n \n Minakuchi\n S.\n \n \n Association between near occlusal contact areas and mixing ability. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41:829\u2013835."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r4","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"205","article-title":"Food breakdown patterns produced by human subjects possessing artificial and natural teeth","volume":"13","author":"Lucas\n PW,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lucas\n PW, \n \n Luke\n DA, \n \n Voon\n FC, \n \n Chew\n CL, \n \n Ow\n R.\n \n \n Food breakdown patterns produced by human subjects possessing artificial and natural teeth. J Oral Rehabil. 1986;13:205\u2013214."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r5","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"678","article-title":"Simplified method of estimating masticatory performance","volume":"26","author":"AlAli\n F,","year":"1999","unstructured":"AlAli\n F, \n \n Heath\n MR, \n \n Wright\n PS.\n \n \n Simplified method of estimating masticatory performance. 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J Dent Res. 1990;69:473\u2013476."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r8","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Within-subject comparisons of implant-supported mandibular prosthesis: evaluation of masticatory function","volume":"73","author":"Feine\n JS,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Feine\n JS, \n \n Maskawi\n K, \n \n de Grangmont\n P, \n \n Donohue\n WB, \n \n Tanguay\n R, \n \n Lund\n JP.\n \n \n Within-subject comparisons of implant-supported mandibular prosthesis: evaluation of masticatory function. J Dent Res. 1994;73:1646\u20131656."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r9","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"589","article-title":"The association between chewing efficiency and occlusal contact area in man","volume":"38","author":"Wilding\n RJC.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilding\n RJC.\n \n \n The association between chewing efficiency and occlusal contact area in man. 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Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46:641\u2013648."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"674","article-title":"The effect of dental efficiency on mastication, food performance","volume":"3","author":"Manly\n RS,","year":"1950","unstructured":"Manly\n RS, \n \n Shiere\n FR?\n \n \n The effect of dental efficiency on mastication, food performance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1950;3:674\u2013685."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r13","series-title":"Nihon Kyosei Shika Gakkai Zasshi","first-page":"746","article-title":"Correlations between masticatory performance in chewing gum method and occlusion as well as dento-facial morphology","volume":"47","author":"Hirose\n T,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hirose\n T, \n \n Ito\n G.\n \n \n Correlations between masticatory performance in chewing gum method and occlusion as well as dento-facial morphology. Nihon Kyosei Shika Gakkai Zasshi. 1988;47:746\u2013756."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r14","series-title":"Int J Dent Hyg","first-page":"127","article-title":"The relationships among child's ability of mastication, dietary behaviour and physical fitness","volume":"9","author":"Kibayashi\n M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kibayashi\n M.\n \n \n The relationships among child's ability of mastication, dietary behaviour and physical fitness. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011;9:127\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"559","article-title":"Decreased chewing activity during mouth breathing","volume":"39","author":"Hsu\n HY,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu\n HY, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K.\n \n \n Decreased chewing activity during mouth breathing. J Oral Rehabil. 2012;39:559\u2013567."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r16","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"429","article-title":"Effect of mouth breathing on masticatory muscle activity during chewing food","volume":"40","author":"Ikenaga\n N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ikenaga\n N, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n \n Daimon\n S.\n \n \n Effect of mouth breathing on masticatory muscle activity during chewing food. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40:429\u2013435."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-227-r17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"630.e1","article-title":"Clinical estimation of mouth breathing","volume":"136","author":"Fujimoto\n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fujimoto\n S, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n \n Gunjigake\n K.\n \n \n Clinical estimation of mouth breathing. 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