{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:54:57Z","timestamp":1792479297340,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To determine whether, in Class I borderline cases, experienced orthodontists choose nonextraction treatment more frequently than do orthodontists with less experience. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether clinicians' gender and place of education play a role in extraction decision making.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n An online survey was developed using three Class I borderline patient cases. The survey included questions about clinicians' demographics as well as questions about the selected cases. The survey was distributed to approximately 2000 clinicians through the American Association of Orthodontics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Of the 253 responses collected, a trend was observed wherein clinicians with more than 15 years of experience preferred an extraction treatment option more frequently than did clinicians with less than 5 years of experience. There was no association between gender and place of education and the decision to extract in the selected borderline cases. Crowding, patient's profile, and mandibular incisor inclination were among the top three reasons chosen by clinicians for both the extraction and nonextraction treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n A trend was observed in which clinicians with more experience chose an extraction treatment option more frequently in borderline cases than did those with less experience. Clinicians' gender did not play a role in extraction decision making.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/020117-80.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T11:11:34Z","timestamp":1499425894000},"page":"641-650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Influence of clinicians' experience and gender on extraction decision in orthodontics"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Niousha","family":"Saghafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Bayirli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Turpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roozbeh","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acting Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Bollen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Graduate Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"510","article-title":"Extraction decision-making wigglegram","volume":"36","author":"Rody \n WJ\n Jr,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rody \n WJ\n Jr, \n \n \n Araujo \n EA. \n \n \n Extraction decision-making wigglegram. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:510\u2013519."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"297","article-title":"The decision to extract: Part 1\u2014Interclinician agreement","volume":"109","author":"Baumrind \n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind \n S, \n \n \n Korn \n EL, \n \n \n Boyd \n RL, \n \n \n Maxwell \n R. \n \n \n The decision to extract: Part 1\u2014Interclinician agreement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:297\u2013309."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study","volume":"47","author":"Brown \n WA,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brown \n WA, \n \n \n Harkness \n EM, \n \n \n Cousins \n AJ, \n \n \n Isotupa \n K. \n \n \n Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study. Angle Orthod. 1977;47(2):118\u2013122."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b04","series-title":"Clin Orth Res","first-page":"79","article-title":"Consistency of orthodontic treatment planning decisions","volume":"2","author":"Lee \n R,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee \n R, \n \n \n MacFarlane \n T, \n \n \n O'Brien \n K. \n \n \n Consistency of orthodontic treatment planning decisions. Clin Orth Res. 1999; 2: 79\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"250","article-title":"Inter-examiner variability in orthodontic treatment decisions for Danish children with \u2018borderline' treatment need","volume":"34","author":"Baelum \n V,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baelum \n V, \n \n \n Borchorst \n E, \n \n \n Buch \n H, \n \n \n Domgaard \n P, \n \n \n Harting \n LE. \n \n \n Inter-examiner variability in orthodontic treatment decisions for Danish children with \u2018borderline' treatment need. Eur J Orthod. 2012; 34: 250\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b06","series-title":"Extraction Decision-Making in Class I Malocclusions: A Survey Identifying Values for Definite Extraction and Non-Extraction Therapy [MSD thesis]","author":"Gentry \n SI.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gentry \n SI. \n \n \n Extraction Decision-Making in Class I Malocclusions: A Survey Identifying Values for Definite Extraction and Non-Extraction Therapy [MSD thesis]. St Louis, Mo: Saint Louis University;2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"The prevalence of orthodontic extractions","volume":"96","author":"Weintraub \n JA,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weintraub \n JA, \n \n \n Vig \n PS, \n \n \n Brown \n C, \n \n \n Kowalski \n CJ. \n \n \n The prevalence of orthodontic extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:462\u2013466."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b08","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"113","article-title":"Clinical Decision making\u2014an art or science. Part II making sense of treatment decisions","volume":"180","author":"Kay \n EJ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kay \n EJ, \n \n \n Nuttal \n N. \n \n \n Clinical Decision making\u2014an art or science. Part II making sense of treatment decisions. Br Dent J. 1995; 180:113\u2013117."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b09","series-title":"J Adult Development","first-page":"9","article-title":"Everyday problem solving: experience, strategies and behavioral intentions","volume":"11","author":"Patrick \n JH,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Patrick \n JH, \n \n \n Strough \n J. \n \n \n Everyday problem solving: experience, strategies and behavioral intentions. J Adult Development. 2004;11:9\u201319."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"297","article-title":"Heuristic reasoning and cognitive biases: are they hindrances to judgments and decision making in orthodontics?","volume":"139","author":"Hicks \n EP,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hicks \n EP, \n \n \n Kluemper \n GT. \n \n \n Heuristic reasoning and cognitive biases: are they hindrances to judgments and decision making in orthodontics?. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 139(3): 297\u2013304."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients","volume":"70","author":"Bowman \n SJ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bowman \n SJ, \n \n \n Johnston \n LE. \n \n \n The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients. Angle Orthod. 2000; 70(1); 3\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions","volume":"82","author":"Konstantonis \n D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Konstantonis \n D. \n \n \n The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2012; 82(2): 209\u2013217."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"163","article-title":"Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey","volume":"103","author":"O'Connor \n BM.","year":"1993","unstructured":"O'Connor \n BM. \n \n \n Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:163\u2013170."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"407","article-title":"Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic","volume":"64","author":"Proffit \n WR.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic. Angle Orthod.1994;64:407\u2013414."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction","volume":"151","author":"Jackson \n TH,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson \n TH, \n \n \n Guez \n C, \n \n \n Lin \n F-C, \n \n \n Proffitt \n WR, \n \n \n Ko \n C-C. \n \n \n Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:456\u2013462."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"393","article-title":"The decision to extract: Part II. Analysis of clinicians' stated reasons for extraction","volume":"109","author":"Baumrind \n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind \n S, \n \n \n Korn \n EL, \n \n \n Boyd \n RL, \n \n \n Maxwell \n R. \n \n \n The decision to extract: Part II. Analysis of clinicians' stated reasons for extraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:393\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"Diagnosis and case analysis in orthodontics","volume":"38","author":"Carey \n CW.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Carey \n CW. \n \n \n Diagnosis and case analysis in orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1952;38:149\u2013161."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"510","article-title":"Extraction decision-making wigglegram","volume":"36","author":"Rody \n WJ\n Jr,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rody \n WJ\n Jr, \n \n \n Araujo \n EA. \n \n \n Extraction decision-making wigglegram. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:510\u2013519."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"297","article-title":"The decision to extract: Part 1\u2014Interclinician agreement","volume":"109","author":"Baumrind \n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind \n S, \n \n \n Korn \n EL, \n \n \n Boyd \n RL, \n \n \n Maxwell \n R. \n \n \n The decision to extract: Part 1\u2014Interclinician agreement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:297\u2013309."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study","volume":"47","author":"Brown \n WA,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brown \n WA, \n \n \n Harkness \n EM, \n \n \n Cousins \n AJ, \n \n \n Isotupa \n K. \n \n \n Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study. Angle Orthod. 1977;47(2):118\u2013122."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b04","series-title":"Clin Orth Res","first-page":"79","article-title":"Consistency of orthodontic treatment planning decisions","volume":"2","author":"Lee \n R,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee \n R, \n \n \n MacFarlane \n T, \n \n \n O'Brien \n K. \n \n \n Consistency of orthodontic treatment planning decisions. Clin Orth Res. 1999; 2: 79\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"250","article-title":"Inter-examiner variability in orthodontic treatment decisions for Danish children with \u2018borderline' treatment need","volume":"34","author":"Baelum \n V,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baelum \n V, \n \n \n Borchorst \n E, \n \n \n Buch \n H, \n \n \n Domgaard \n P, \n \n \n Harting \n LE. \n \n \n Inter-examiner variability in orthodontic treatment decisions for Danish children with \u2018borderline' treatment need. Eur J Orthod. 2012; 34: 250\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b06","series-title":"Extraction Decision-Making in Class I Malocclusions: A Survey Identifying Values for Definite Extraction and Non-Extraction Therapy [MSD thesis]","author":"Gentry \n SI.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gentry \n SI. \n \n \n Extraction Decision-Making in Class I Malocclusions: A Survey Identifying Values for Definite Extraction and Non-Extraction Therapy [MSD thesis]. St Louis, Mo: Saint Louis University;2009."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"The prevalence of orthodontic extractions","volume":"96","author":"Weintraub \n JA,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weintraub \n JA, \n \n \n Vig \n PS, \n \n \n Brown \n C, \n \n \n Kowalski \n CJ. \n \n \n The prevalence of orthodontic extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:462\u2013466."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b08","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"113","article-title":"Clinical Decision making\u2014an art or science. Part II making sense of treatment decisions","volume":"180","author":"Kay \n EJ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kay \n EJ, \n \n \n Nuttal \n N. \n \n \n Clinical Decision making\u2014an art or science. Part II making sense of treatment decisions. Br Dent J. 1995; 180:113\u2013117."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b09","series-title":"J Adult Development","first-page":"9","article-title":"Everyday problem solving: experience, strategies and behavioral intentions","volume":"11","author":"Patrick \n JH,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Patrick \n JH, \n \n \n Strough \n J. \n \n \n Everyday problem solving: experience, strategies and behavioral intentions. J Adult Development. 2004;11:9\u201319."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"297","article-title":"Heuristic reasoning and cognitive biases: are they hindrances to judgments and decision making in orthodontics?","volume":"139","author":"Hicks \n EP,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hicks \n EP, \n \n \n Kluemper \n GT. \n \n \n Heuristic reasoning and cognitive biases: are they hindrances to judgments and decision making in orthodontics?. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 139(3): 297\u2013304."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients","volume":"70","author":"Bowman \n SJ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bowman \n SJ, \n \n \n Johnston \n LE. \n \n \n The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients. Angle Orthod. 2000; 70(1); 3\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions","volume":"82","author":"Konstantonis \n D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Konstantonis \n D. \n \n \n The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2012; 82(2): 209\u2013217."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"163","article-title":"Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey","volume":"103","author":"O'Connor \n BM.","year":"1993","unstructured":"O'Connor \n BM. \n \n \n Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:163\u2013170."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"407","article-title":"Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic","volume":"64","author":"Proffit \n WR.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic. Angle Orthod.1994;64:407\u2013414."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction","volume":"151","author":"Jackson \n TH,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson \n TH, \n \n \n Guez \n C, \n \n \n Lin \n F-C, \n \n \n Proffitt \n WR, \n \n \n Ko \n C-C. \n \n \n Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151:456\u2013462."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"393","article-title":"The decision to extract: Part II. Analysis of clinicians' stated reasons for extraction","volume":"109","author":"Baumrind \n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind \n S, \n \n \n Korn \n EL, \n \n \n Boyd \n RL, \n \n \n Maxwell \n R. \n \n \n The decision to extract: Part II. Analysis of clinicians' stated reasons for extraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:393\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-641-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"Diagnosis and case analysis in orthodontics","volume":"38","author":"Carey \n CW.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Carey \n CW. \n \n \n Diagnosis and case analysis in orthodontics. Am J Orthod. 1952;38:149\u2013161."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/87\/5\/article-p641.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/87\/5\/641\/1389100\/020117-80_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/87\/5\/article-p641.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/87\/5\/article-p641.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:21:34Z","timestamp":1780068094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/87\/5\/article-p641.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/020117-80.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}}}