{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:04:56Z","timestamp":1780070696145,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the social smile symmetry using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric images.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The study was conducted with 3D facial images of 30 individuals (age range 13\u201325 years). The rest position was considered as the reference image and the social smile image was aligned on this image using the best-fit alignment method. The spatial differences between the same points established on both images using 3D analyses were determined for right and left points in X, Y, and Z planes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The highest difference related to spatial distance in right and left points was \u22120.56 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], \u22121.19, 0.06 mm) between right and left commissure (Com) points. The difference was not significant, and the Bland-Altman upper and lower limits were \u22123.85 mm and 2.71 mm, respectively. The highest difference for the transversal plane was found in Com points, similarly to the spatial distance (mean: 0.50 mm, 95% CI, \u22122.62, 1.02 mm). The differences between the changes in the left and right points in the Y and Z plane were not significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The social smile was observed to show asymmetry in varying amounts in the different directions. Asymmetry increases in some cases, specifically for the corners of the mouth.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/020916-112.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1467379870000},"page":"96-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"G\u00f6khan S","family":"Duran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, G\u00fclhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Orthodontics, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furkan","family":"Dindaro\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Ege University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, G\u00fclhane Military Medical Academy Department of Orthodontics, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit \n WR,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR, \n \n \n Fields \n HW\n Jr, \n \n \n Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 2014."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"380","article-title":"Interactions of hard tissues, soft tissues, and growth over time, and their impact on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"1483","author":"Sarver \n DM.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n Interactions of hard tissues, soft tissues, and growth over time, and their impact on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;1483:380\u2013386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"91","article-title":"Smile esthetics from the layperson's perspective","volume":"1391","author":"Springer \n NC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Springer \n NC, \n \n \n Chang \n C, \n \n \n Fields \n HW, \n \n et al. \n Smile esthetics from the layperson's perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;1391:91\u2013101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b04","series-title":"Periodontol 2000","first-page":"18","article-title":"The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"111","author":"Garber \n DA,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garber \n DA, \n \n \n Salama \n MA. \n \n \n The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 1996;111:18\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b05","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"The aesthetic dentofacial analysis","volume":"343","author":"Sarver \n D,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarver \n D, \n \n \n Jacobson \n RS. \n \n \n The aesthetic dentofacial analysis. Clin Plast Surg. 2007;343:369\u2013394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b06","series-title":"J Prosthodont","first-page":"166","article-title":"Esthetics: patients' perceptions of dental attractiveness","volume":"53","author":"Dunn \n WJ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dunn \n WJ, \n \n \n Murchison \n DF, \n \n \n Broome \n JC. \n \n \n Esthetics: patients' perceptions of dental attractiveness. J Prosthodont. 1996;53:166\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"396","article-title":"Upper lip asymmetry in adults during smiling","volume":"594","author":"Benson \n KJ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benson \n KJ, \n \n \n Laskin \n DM. \n \n \n Upper lip asymmetry in adults during smiling. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;594:396\u2013398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2380","article-title":"The impact of orthognathic surgery on facial expressions","volume":"7312","author":"Al-Hiyali \n A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Hiyali \n A, \n \n \n Ayoub \n A, \n \n \n Ju \n X, \n \n \n Almuzian \n M, \n \n \n Al-Anezi \n T. \n \n \n The impact of orthognathic surgery on facial expressions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;7312:2380\u20132390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b09","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2391","article-title":"Registration of 3-dimensional facial photographs for clinical use","volume":"6810","author":"Maal \n TJJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maal \n TJJ, \n \n \n van Loon \n B, \n \n \n Plooij \n JM, \n \n et al. \n Registration of 3-dimensional facial photographs for clinical use. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;6810:2391\u20132401."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b10","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry","volume":"4011","author":"Maal \n TJJ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maal \n TJJ, \n \n \n Verhamme \n LM, \n \n \n van Loon \n B, \n \n et al. \n Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;4011:1252\u20131257."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"793","article-title":"Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles","volume":"1446","author":"Walder \n JF,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walder \n JF, \n \n \n Freeman \n K, \n \n \n Lipp \n MJ, \n \n \n Nicolay \n OF, \n \n \n Cisneros \n GJ. \n \n \n Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;1446:793\u2013801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b12","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"307","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"3278476","author":"Bland \n JM,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland \n JM, \n \n \n Altman \n D. \n \n \n Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;3278476:307\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"448","article-title":"Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology","volume":"863","author":"Dindaro\u011flu \n F,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu \n F, \n \n \n Duran \n GS, \n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc \n S, \n \n \n Yetkiner \n E. \n \n \n Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology. Angle Orthod. 2016;863:448\u2013455."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b14","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"2","article-title":"A morphometric analysis of the posed smile","volume":"11","author":"Ackerman \n JL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB, \n \n \n Brensinger \n CM, \n \n \n Landis \n JR. \n \n \n A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res. 1998;11:2\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies","volume":"1242","author":"Sarver \n DM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB. \n \n \n Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;1242:116\u2013127."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b16","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Development of a new documentation system for facial movements as a basis for the international registry for neuromuscular reconstruction in the face","volume":"937","author":"Frey \n M,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Frey \n M, \n \n \n Jenny \n A, \n \n \n Giovanoli \n P, \n \n \n St\u00fcssi \n E. \n \n \n Development of a new documentation system for facial movements as a basis for the international registry for neuromuscular reconstruction in the face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;937:1334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b17","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"Simultaneous quantitation of facial movements: the maximal static response assay of facial nerve function","volume":"322","author":"Johnson \n PC,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson \n PC, \n \n \n Brown \n H, \n \n \n Kuzon \n WM, \n \n \n Balliet \n R, \n \n \n Garrison \n JL, \n \n \n Campbell \n J. \n \n \n Simultaneous quantitation of facial movements: the maximal static response assay of facial nerve function. Ann Plast Surg. 1994;322:171\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"A comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses of facial motion","volume":"663","author":"Gross \n MM,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gross \n MM, \n \n \n Trotman \n CA, \n \n \n Moffatt \n KS. \n \n \n A comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses of facial motion. Angle Orthod. 1996;663:189\u2013194."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"487","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry","volume":"863","author":"Dindaro\u011flu \n F,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu \n F, \n \n \n Kutlu \n P, \n \n \n Duran \n GS, \n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc \n S, \n \n \n Aslan \n E. \n \n \n Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry. Angle Orthod. 2016;863:487\u2013494."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b20","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"318","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: the clinical application of a new method","volume":"174","author":"Hajeer \n MY,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hajeer \n MY, \n \n \n Ayoub \n AF, \n \n \n Millett \n DT, \n \n \n Bock \n M, \n \n \n Siebert \n JP. \n \n \n Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: the clinical application of a new method. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 2002;174:318\u2013330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"886","article-title":"Combined 3-dimensional and mirror-image analysis for the diagnosis of asymmetry","volume":"1406","author":"Damstra \n J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Damstra \n J, \n \n \n Oosterkamp \n BCM, \n \n \n Jansma \n J, \n \n \n Ren \n Y. \n \n \n Combined 3-dimensional and mirror-image analysis for the diagnosis of asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;1406:886\u2013894."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"132","article-title":"Three dimensional analysis of facial movement in normal adults: influence of sex and facial shape","volume":"712","author":"Weeden \n JC,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weeden \n JC, \n \n \n Trotman \n CA, \n \n \n Faraway \n JJ. \n \n \n Three dimensional analysis of facial movement in normal adults: influence of sex and facial shape. Angle Orthod. 2001;712:132\u2013140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b23","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"65","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of normal smile with 3D stereophotogrammetry\u2014an aid to facial reanimation","volume":"631","author":"Sawyer \n AR,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sawyer \n AR, \n \n \n See \n M, \n \n \n Nduka \n C. \n \n \n Quantitative analysis of normal smile with 3D stereophotogrammetry\u2014an aid to facial reanimation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;631:65\u201372."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"223","article-title":"Laterality of asymmetry in movements of the corners of the mouth during voluntary smile","volume":"802","author":"Okamoto \n H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Okamoto \n H, \n \n \n Haraguchi \n S, \n \n \n Takada \n K. \n \n \n Laterality of asymmetry in movements of the corners of the mouth during voluntary smile. Angle Orthod. 2010;802:223\u2013229."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"132","article-title":"An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile","volume":"572","author":"Hulsey \n CM.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hulsey \n CM. \n \n \n An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. Am J Orthod. 1970;572:132\u2013144."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b26","series-title":"Cortex","first-page":"1064","article-title":"From symmetry to asymmetry? The development of smile","volume":"488","author":"Nagy \n E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagy \n E. \n \n \n From symmetry to asymmetry? The development of smile. Cortex. 2012;488:1064\u20131067."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b27","series-title":"Anatomy of Orofacial Structures: A Comprehensive Approach","author":"Brand \n RW,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brand \n RW, \n \n \n Isselhard \n DE, \n \n \n Satin \n E. \n \n \n Anatomy of Orofacial Structures: A Comprehensive Approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 2013."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b28","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"532","article-title":"Role of sagittal and oblique smiling profiles in evaluating facial esthetics","volume":"262","author":"Yang \n X,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang \n X, \n \n \n Yi \n Y, \n \n \n Yang \n S, \n \n et al. \n Role of sagittal and oblique smiling profiles in evaluating facial esthetics. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;262:532\u2013536."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b29","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"e111","article-title":"Lip asymmetry and smile aesthetics","volume":"506","author":"Batwa \n W,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batwa \n W, \n \n \n McDonald \n F, \n \n \n Cash \n A. \n \n \n Lip asymmetry and smile aesthetics. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2013;506:e111\u2013e114."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b30","series-title":"Cogn Emot","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Gunnery \n SD,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gunnery \n SD, \n \n \n Ruben \n MA. \n \n \n Perceptions of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles: a meta-analysis. Cogn Emot. 2016;30:1\u201315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit \n WR,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR, \n \n \n Fields \n HW\n Jr, \n \n \n Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. 2014."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"380","article-title":"Interactions of hard tissues, soft tissues, and growth over time, and their impact on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"1483","author":"Sarver \n DM.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n Interactions of hard tissues, soft tissues, and growth over time, and their impact on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;1483:380\u2013386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"91","article-title":"Smile esthetics from the layperson's perspective","volume":"1391","author":"Springer \n NC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Springer \n NC, \n \n \n Chang \n C, \n \n \n Fields \n HW, \n \n et al. \n Smile esthetics from the layperson's perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;1391:91\u2013101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b04","series-title":"Periodontol 2000","first-page":"18","article-title":"The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"111","author":"Garber \n DA,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garber \n DA, \n \n \n Salama \n MA. \n \n \n The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 1996;111:18\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b05","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"The aesthetic dentofacial analysis","volume":"343","author":"Sarver \n D,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarver \n D, \n \n \n Jacobson \n RS. \n \n \n The aesthetic dentofacial analysis. Clin Plast Surg. 2007;343:369\u2013394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b06","series-title":"J Prosthodont","first-page":"166","article-title":"Esthetics: patients' perceptions of dental attractiveness","volume":"53","author":"Dunn \n WJ,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dunn \n WJ, \n \n \n Murchison \n DF, \n \n \n Broome \n JC. \n \n \n Esthetics: patients' perceptions of dental attractiveness. J Prosthodont. 1996;53:166\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b07","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"396","article-title":"Upper lip asymmetry in adults during smiling","volume":"594","author":"Benson \n KJ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benson \n KJ, \n \n \n Laskin \n DM. \n \n \n Upper lip asymmetry in adults during smiling. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;594:396\u2013398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b08","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2380","article-title":"The impact of orthognathic surgery on facial expressions","volume":"7312","author":"Al-Hiyali \n A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Hiyali \n A, \n \n \n Ayoub \n A, \n \n \n Ju \n X, \n \n \n Almuzian \n M, \n \n \n Al-Anezi \n T. \n \n \n The impact of orthognathic surgery on facial expressions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;7312:2380\u20132390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b09","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2391","article-title":"Registration of 3-dimensional facial photographs for clinical use","volume":"6810","author":"Maal \n TJJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maal \n TJJ, \n \n \n van Loon \n B, \n \n \n Plooij \n JM, \n \n et al. \n Registration of 3-dimensional facial photographs for clinical use. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;6810:2391\u20132401."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b10","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry","volume":"4011","author":"Maal \n TJJ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maal \n TJJ, \n \n \n Verhamme \n LM, \n \n \n van Loon \n B, \n \n et al. \n Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;4011:1252\u20131257."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"793","article-title":"Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles","volume":"1446","author":"Walder \n JF,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walder \n JF, \n \n \n Freeman \n K, \n \n \n Lipp \n MJ, \n \n \n Nicolay \n OF, \n \n \n Cisneros \n GJ. \n \n \n Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;1446:793\u2013801."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b12","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"307","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"3278476","author":"Bland \n JM,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland \n JM, \n \n \n Altman \n D. \n \n \n Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;3278476:307\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"448","article-title":"Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology","volume":"863","author":"Dindaro\u011flu \n F,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu \n F, \n \n \n Duran \n GS, \n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc \n S, \n \n \n Yetkiner \n E. \n \n \n Social smile reproducibility using 3-D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology. Angle Orthod. 2016;863:448\u2013455."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b14","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"2","article-title":"A morphometric analysis of the posed smile","volume":"11","author":"Ackerman \n JL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB, \n \n \n Brensinger \n CM, \n \n \n Landis \n JR. \n \n \n A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res. 1998;11:2\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies","volume":"1242","author":"Sarver \n DM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM, \n \n \n Ackerman \n MB. \n \n \n Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;1242:116\u2013127."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b16","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Development of a new documentation system for facial movements as a basis for the international registry for neuromuscular reconstruction in the face","volume":"937","author":"Frey \n M,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Frey \n M, \n \n \n Jenny \n A, \n \n \n Giovanoli \n P, \n \n \n St\u00fcssi \n E. \n \n \n Development of a new documentation system for facial movements as a basis for the international registry for neuromuscular reconstruction in the face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;937:1334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b17","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"Simultaneous quantitation of facial movements: the maximal static response assay of facial nerve function","volume":"322","author":"Johnson \n PC,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson \n PC, \n \n \n Brown \n H, \n \n \n Kuzon \n WM, \n \n \n Balliet \n R, \n \n \n Garrison \n JL, \n \n \n Campbell \n J. \n \n \n Simultaneous quantitation of facial movements: the maximal static response assay of facial nerve function. Ann Plast Surg. 1994;322:171\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-96-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"A comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses of facial motion","volume":"663","author":"Gross \n MM,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gross \n MM, \n \n \n Trotman \n CA, \n \n \n Moffatt \n KS. \n \n \n A comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses of facial motion. 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