{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:03:47Z","timestamp":1780063427337,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine changes in the airway and cephalometric measurements associated with orthodontic treatment of adults with and without premolar extractions. The study investigated whether extractions had a direct or indirect effect on the airway and examined selected skeletal and dental features.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective study used pre- (T1) and posttreatment (T2) cone-beam computed tomography scans of 83 adult patients matched for age and sex. A total of 15 airway and 10 skeletal and dental measures were analyzed by means of repeated-measures analysis of variance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n There were no results showing that extractions affected airway dimensions that could not be accounted for as reflections of measurement error. There was no evidence that extractions affected the airway indirectly through skeletal and dental changes. There were strong and consistent findings that patients with small airways showed larger ones after treatment and that patients with large airways showed smaller ones later. These effects were independent of whether or not extractions were part of treatment. The measurement phenomena of regression toward the mean and of differential unfolding of natural changes over time could have accounted for the results observed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n There was no evidence that extractions in nongrowing patients have negative consequences on the size of various airway measures in the nasopharynx, retropalatal, or retroglossal regions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021019-92.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1565617129000},"page":"39-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Airway and Cephalometric Changes in Adult Orthodontic Patients After Premolar Extractions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Joy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joorok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David William","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heesoo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b01","series-title":"Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Relation between CT axial cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults","volume":"16","author":"Avrahami","year":"1995","unstructured":"Avrahami\n E,\n \n \n Englender\n M.\n \n \n Relation between CT axial cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Neuroradiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t16:\n\t\t\t\t\t135\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b02","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"102","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"103","author":"Ogawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ogawa\n T,\n \n \n Enciso\n R,\n \n \n Shintaku\n WH,\n \n \n Clark\n GT.\n \n \n Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t103:\n\t\t\t\t\t102\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t108."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b03","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"2207","article-title":"Correlation between severity of sleep apnea and upper airway morphology based on advanced anatomical and functional imaging","volume":"40","author":"Vos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vos\n W,\n \n \n De Backer\n J,\n \n \n Devolder\n A,\n \n \n \n Correlation between severity of sleep apnea and upper airway morphology based on advanced anatomical and functional imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Biomech.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t2207\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"607","article-title":"2014 JCO Study of Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Procedures: part 1: results and trends","volume":"48","author":"","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keim RG, Gottlieb EL, Vogels DS 3rd, Vogels PB.\n 2014 JCO Study of Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Procedures: part 1: results and trends.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t48:\n\t\t\t\t\t607\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t630."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b05","series-title":"Diagnostic Paths for a Mouth-Breathing Patient [unpublished MSD thesis]","author":"Cummings","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cummings\n S.\n \n \n Diagnostic Paths for a Mouth-Breathing Patient [unpublished MSD thesis].\n\t\t\t\t\tSan Francisco, Calif:\n\t\t\t\t\tUniversity of the Pacific, Arthur A.\n\t\t\t\t\tDugoni School of Dentistry;2018."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"115","article-title":"Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang\n Q,\n \n \n Jia\n P,\n \n \n Anderson\n NK,\n \n \n Wang\n L,\n \n \n Lin\n J.\n \n \n Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t115\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"964","article-title":"Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen\n Y,\n \n \n Hong\n L,\n \n \n Wang\n CL,\n \n \n \n Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t964\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t970."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Effects of extraction versus non-extraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway volume","volume":"80","author":"Valiathan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valiathan\n M,\n \n \n El\n H,\n \n \n Hans\n MG,\n \n \n Palomo\n MJ.\n \n \n Effects of extraction versus non-extraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway volume.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1068\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1074."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"853","article-title":"First premolar extraction effects on upper airway dimension in bimaxillary proclination patients","volume":"82","author":"Al Maaitah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al Maaitah\n E,\n \n \n El Said\n N,\n \n \n Abu Alhaija\n ES.\n \n \n First premolar extraction effects on upper airway dimension in bimaxillary proclination patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t853\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t859."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"937","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic treatment on the upper airway volume in adults","volume":"150","author":"Pliska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pliska\n BT,\n \n \n Tam\n IT,\n \n \n Lowe\n AA,\n \n \n Madson\n AM,\n \n \n Almeida\n FR.\n \n \n Effect of orthodontic treatment on the upper airway volume in adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t150:\n\t\t\t\t\t937\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t944."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b11","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"441","article-title":"The effect of teeth extraction for orthodontic treatment on the upper airway: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu\n Z,\n \n \n Yin\n X,\n \n \n Liao\n J,\n \n \n Zhou\n C,\n \n \n Yang\n Z,\n \n \n Zou\n S.\n \n \n The effect of teeth extraction for orthodontic treatment on the upper airway: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tSleep Breath.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t19:\n\t\t\t\t\t441\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t451."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"515","article-title":"Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non- extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage","volume":"33","author":"Germec-Cakan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan\n D,\n \n \n Taner\n T,\n \n \n Akan\n S.\n \n \n Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non- extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t515\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b13","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"1","article-title":"Upper airway changes after orthodontic extraction treatment in adults: a preliminary study using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang\n J,\n \n \n Chen\n G,\n \n \n Li\n W,\n \n \n Xu\n T,\n \n \n Gao\n X.\n \n \n Upper airway changes after orthodontic extraction treatment in adults: a preliminary study using cone beam computed tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS ONE.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"735","article-title":"Arch-width changes in extraction vs nonextraction treatments in matched Class I borderline malocclusions","volume":"151","author":"Herzog","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herzog\n C,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Konstantoni\n N,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Arch-width changes in extraction vs nonextraction treatments in matched Class I borderline malocclusions.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t151:\n\t\t\t\t\t735\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t743."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b15","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"215","article-title":"Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it","volume":"34","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barnett\n AG,\n \n \n van der Pols\n JC,\n \n \n Dobson\n AJ.\n \n \n Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Epidemiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t34:\n\t\t\t\t\t215\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b16","series-title":"Acta Psychiatr Belg","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effects of body position on upper airway size and shape in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"94","author":"Pevernagie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pevernagie\n DA,\n \n \n Shepard\n JW\n Jr.\n \n \n Effects of body position on upper airway size and shape in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Psychiatr Belg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t101\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b17","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"845","article-title":"The effect of posture on upper airway dimensions in normal subjects and in patients with the sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Yildirim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yildirim\n N,\n \n \n Fitzpatrick\n MF,\n \n \n Whyte\n KF,\n \n \n Jalleh\n R,\n \n \n Wightman\n AJ,\n \n \n Douglas\n NJ.\n \n \n The effect of posture on upper airway dimensions in normal subjects and in patients with the sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm Rev Respir Dis.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t144:\n\t\t\t\t\t845\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t847."},{"issue":"(suppl)","key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S50.e1","article-title":"Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study","volume":"137","author":"El","year":"2010","unstructured":"El\n H,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137(suppl):\n\t\t\t\t\tS50.e1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tS50.e9."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b19","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"768","article-title":"Evaluation of the human airway using cone-beam computerized tomography","volume":"108","author":"Tso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tso\n HH,\n \n \n Lee\n JS,\n \n \n Huang\n JC,\n \n \n Maki\n K,\n \n \n Hatcher\n D,\n \n \n Miller\n AJ.\n \n \n Evaluation of the human airway using cone-beam computerized tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t108:\n\t\t\t\t\t768\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t776."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b20","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"4763","article-title":"Healthy humans with a narrow upper airway maintain patency during quiet breathing by dilating the airway during inspiration","volume":"592","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng\n S,\n \n \n Brown\n EC,\n \n \n Hatt\n A,\n \n \n Butler\n JE,\n \n \n Gandevia\n SC,\n \n \n Bilston\n L.\n \n \n Healthy humans with a narrow upper airway maintain patency during quiet breathing by dilating the airway during inspiration.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t592:\n\t\t\t\t\t4763\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4774."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b01","series-title":"Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Relation between CT axial cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults","volume":"16","author":"Avrahami","year":"1995","unstructured":"Avrahami\n E,\n \n \n Englender\n M.\n \n \n Relation between CT axial cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Neuroradiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t16:\n\t\t\t\t\t135\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b02","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"102","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"103","author":"Ogawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ogawa\n T,\n \n \n Enciso\n R,\n \n \n Shintaku\n WH,\n \n \n Clark\n GT.\n \n \n Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t103:\n\t\t\t\t\t102\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t108."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b03","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"2207","article-title":"Correlation between severity of sleep apnea and upper airway morphology based on advanced anatomical and functional imaging","volume":"40","author":"Vos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vos\n W,\n \n \n De Backer\n J,\n \n \n Devolder\n A,\n \n \n \n Correlation between severity of sleep apnea and upper airway morphology based on advanced anatomical and functional imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Biomech.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t2207\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"607","article-title":"2014 JCO Study of Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Procedures: part 1: results and trends","volume":"48","author":"","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keim RG, Gottlieb EL, Vogels DS 3rd, Vogels PB.\n 2014 JCO Study of Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Procedures: part 1: results and trends.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t48:\n\t\t\t\t\t607\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t630."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b05","series-title":"Diagnostic Paths for a Mouth-Breathing Patient [unpublished MSD thesis]","author":"Cummings","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cummings\n S.\n \n \n Diagnostic Paths for a Mouth-Breathing Patient [unpublished MSD thesis].\n\t\t\t\t\tSan Francisco, Calif:\n\t\t\t\t\tUniversity of the Pacific, Arthur A.\n\t\t\t\t\tDugoni School of Dentistry;2018."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"115","article-title":"Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang\n Q,\n \n \n Jia\n P,\n \n \n Anderson\n NK,\n \n \n Wang\n L,\n \n \n Lin\n J.\n \n \n Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t115\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"964","article-title":"Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients","volume":"82","author":"Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen\n Y,\n \n \n Hong\n L,\n \n \n Wang\n CL,\n \n \n \n Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t964\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t970."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Effects of extraction versus non-extraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway volume","volume":"80","author":"Valiathan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valiathan\n M,\n \n \n El\n H,\n \n \n Hans\n MG,\n \n \n Palomo\n MJ.\n \n \n Effects of extraction versus non-extraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway volume.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t1068\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1074."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"853","article-title":"First premolar extraction effects on upper airway dimension in bimaxillary proclination patients","volume":"82","author":"Al Maaitah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al Maaitah\n E,\n \n \n El Said\n N,\n \n \n Abu Alhaija\n ES.\n \n \n First premolar extraction effects on upper airway dimension in bimaxillary proclination patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t853\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t859."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"937","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic treatment on the upper airway volume in adults","volume":"150","author":"Pliska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pliska\n BT,\n \n \n Tam\n IT,\n \n \n Lowe\n AA,\n \n \n Madson\n AM,\n \n \n Almeida\n FR.\n \n \n Effect of orthodontic treatment on the upper airway volume in adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t150:\n\t\t\t\t\t937\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t944."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b11","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"441","article-title":"The effect of teeth extraction for orthodontic treatment on the upper airway: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu\n Z,\n \n \n Yin\n X,\n \n \n Liao\n J,\n \n \n Zhou\n C,\n \n \n Yang\n Z,\n \n \n Zou\n S.\n \n \n The effect of teeth extraction for orthodontic treatment on the upper airway: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tSleep Breath.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t19:\n\t\t\t\t\t441\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t451."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"515","article-title":"Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non- extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage","volume":"33","author":"Germec-Cakan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan\n D,\n \n \n Taner\n T,\n \n \n Akan\n S.\n \n \n Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non- extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t515\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b13","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"1","article-title":"Upper airway changes after orthodontic extraction treatment in adults: a preliminary study using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang\n J,\n \n \n Chen\n G,\n \n \n Li\n W,\n \n \n Xu\n T,\n \n \n Gao\n X.\n \n \n Upper airway changes after orthodontic extraction treatment in adults: a preliminary study using cone beam computed tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS ONE.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"735","article-title":"Arch-width changes in extraction vs nonextraction treatments in matched Class I borderline malocclusions","volume":"151","author":"Herzog","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herzog\n C,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Konstantoni\n N,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Arch-width changes in extraction vs nonextraction treatments in matched Class I borderline malocclusions.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t151:\n\t\t\t\t\t735\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t743."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-1-39-b15","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"215","article-title":"Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it","volume":"34","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barnett\n AG,\n \n \n van der Pols\n JC,\n \n \n Dobson\n AJ.\n \n \n Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J 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