{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:54:47Z","timestamp":1792594487743,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare four first premolar extraction and nonextraction treatment effects on intra-arch width, profile, treatment duration, occlusal outcomes, smile aesthetics and stability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n An electronic search of the literature to June 2, 2023 was conducted using health science databases, with additional search of gray literature, unpublished material, and hand searching, for studies reporting nonsurgical patients with fixed appliances regarding sixteen sub-outcomes. Data extraction used customized forms, quality assessed with ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies\u2014of Interventions) and Cochrane RoB 2 (risk-of-bias) tool. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) assessed certainty of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty (29 retrospective studies, 1 randomized controlled trial) studies were included. Random-effect meta-analysis (95% CI) demonstrated maxillary (MD: \u22122.03 mm; [\u22122.97, \u22121.09];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001) and mandibular inter-first molar width decrease (MD: \u22122.00 mm; [\u22122.71, \u22121.30];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .00001) with four first premolar extraction; mandibular intercanine width increase (MD: 0.68 mm; [0.36, 0.99];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001) and shorter treatment duration (MD: 0.36 years; [0.10, 0.62];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .007) in the nonextraction group. Narrative synthesis included three and five studies for upper and lower lip-E plane, respectively. For American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System and maxillary\/mandibular anterior alignment (Little\u2019s irregularity index), each included two studies with inconclusive evidence. There were no eligible studies for UK Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) score. Class I subgroup\/sensitivity analyses favored the same results. Prediction interval indicated no significant difference for all outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Four first premolar extraction results in maxillary and mandibular inter-first molar width decrease and retraction of upper\/lower lips. Nonextraction treatment results in mandibular intercanine width increase and shorter treatment duration. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding maxillary intercanine width, US PAR score, and posttreatment smile esthetics. Further high-quality focused research is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021123-98.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T20:04:35Z","timestamp":1698609875000},"page":"83-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Extraction vs nonextraction orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Karim Gamal","family":"Elias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautham","family":"Sivamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Bearn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"(9)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"656","article-title":"The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer","volume":"50","author":"Pollock","year":"1964","unstructured":"Pollock\n HC.\n \n \n The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer.\nAm J Orthod.\n1964;\n50(9):\n656\u2013658."},{"issue":"(11)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"843","article-title":"The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer: discussion of Case: the question of extraction in orthodontia","volume":"50","year":"1964","unstructured":"The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer: discussion of Case: the question of extraction in orthodontia.\nAm J Orthod.\n1964;\n50(11):\n843\u2013851."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b03","series-title":"Angle\u2019s System","article-title":"Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth","author":"Angle","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n EH.\n \n \n Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth.\nAngle\u2019s System.\n7th ed.,\nS.S. White dental manufacturing Co.,\nPhiladelphia,\n1907."},{"issue":"(9)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"660","article-title":"The question of extraction in orthodontia","volume":"50","author":"Case","year":"1964","unstructured":"Case\n CS.\n \n \n The question of extraction in orthodontia.\nAm J Orthod.\n1964;\n50(9):\n660\u2013691."},{"issue":"(7)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"517","article-title":"Stone age man\u2019s dentition: with reference to anatomically correct occlusion, the etiology of malocclusion, and a technique for its treatment","volume":"40","author":"Begg","year":"1954","unstructured":"Begg\n PR.\n \n \n Stone age man\u2019s dentition: with reference to anatomically correct occlusion, the etiology of malocclusion, and a technique for its treatment.\nAm J Orthod.\n1954;\n40(7):\n517\u2013531."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"22","article-title":"Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure","volume":"42","author":"Tweed","year":"1944","unstructured":"Tweed\n CH.\n \n \n Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure.\nAm J Orthod Oral Surg.\n1944;\n42:\n22\u201345."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"407","article-title":"Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic","volume":"64","author":"Proffit","year":"1994","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic.\nAngle Orthod.\n1994;\n64(6):\n407\u2013414."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction","volume":"151","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson\n TH,\n \n \n Guez\n C,\n \n \n Lin\n FC,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Ko\n CC.\n \n \n Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2017;\n151(3):\n456\u2013462."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b09","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"51","article-title":"Frequency evaluation of different extraction protocols in orthodontic treatment during 35 years","volume":"15","author":"Janson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janson\n G,\n \n \n Maria\n FRT,\n \n \n Bombonatti\n R.\n \n \n Frequency evaluation of different extraction protocols in orthodontic treatment during 35 years.\nProg Orthod.\n2014;\n15(1):\n51."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients","volume":"70","author":"Bowman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bowman\n SJ,\n \n \n Johnston\n LE.\n \n \n The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n2000;\n70(1):\n3\u201310."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"539","article-title":"Facial changes in extraction and nonextraction patients","volume":"68","author":"Boley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boley\n JC,\n \n \n Pontier\n JP,\n \n \n Smith\n S,\n \n \n Fulbright\n M.\n \n \n Facial changes in extraction and nonextraction patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n1998;\n68(6):\n539\u2013546."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b12","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"167","article-title":"Soft tissue changes following extraction vs. nonextraction orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Konstantonis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Vasileiou\n D,\n \n \n Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Soft tissue changes following extraction vs. nonextraction orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nEur J Oral Sci.\n2018;\n126(3):\n167\u2013179."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"349","article-title":"Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics","volume":"80","author":"Little","year":"1981","unstructured":"Little\n RM,\n \n \n Wallen\n TR,\n \n \n Riedel\n RA.\n \n \n Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics.\nAm J Orthod.\n1981;\n80(4):\n349\u2013365."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b14","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"160","article-title":"A longitudinal evaluation of extraction versus nonextraction treatment with special reference to the posttreatment irregularity of the lower incisors","volume":"5","author":"Rossouw","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rossouw\n PE,\n \n \n Preston\n CB,\n \n \n Lombard\n C.\n \n \n A longitudinal evaluation of extraction versus nonextraction treatment with special reference to the posttreatment irregularity of the lower incisors.\nSemin Orthod.\n1999;\n5(3):\n160\u2013170."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b15","series-title":"J Evid-Based Dent Pract","first-page":"193","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Almurtadha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almurtadha\n RH,\n \n \n Alhammadi\n MS,\n \n \n Fayed\n MMS,\n \n \n Abou-El-Ezz\n A,\n \n \n Halboub\n E.\n \n \n Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nJ Evid-Based Dent Pract.\n2018;\n18(3):\n193\u2013202."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"53","article-title":"A meta-analysis of mandibular intercanine width in treatment and postretention","volume":"68","author":"Burke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burke\n SP,\n \n \n Silveira\n AM,\n \n \n Goldsmith\n LJ,\n \n \n Yancey\n JM,\n \n \n Van Stewart\n A,\n \n \n Scarfe\n WC.\n \n \n A meta-analysis of mandibular intercanine width in treatment and postretention.\nAngle Orthod.\n1998;\n68(1):\n53\u201360."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b17","series-title":"J Dent Sci","first-page":"387","article-title":"Effects of tooth extraction on smile esthetics and the buccal corridor: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng\n HC,\n \n \n Wang\n YC,\n \n \n Tam\n KW,\n \n \n Yen\n MF.\n \n \n Effects of tooth extraction on smile esthetics and the buccal corridor: a meta-analysis.\nJ Dent Sci.\n2016;\n11(4):\n387\u2013393."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b18","series-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue Shanghai J Stomatol","first-page":"499","article-title":"[Effect of extraction and non-extraction treatment on frontal smiling esthetics: a meta-analysis]","volume":"24","author":"Dai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dai\n M Lu,\n \n \n Xiao\n M,\n \n \n Yu\n Z,\n \n \n Liu\n D Xu.\n \n \n [Effect of extraction and non-extraction treatment on frontal smiling esthetics: a meta-analysis].\nShanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue Shanghai J Stomatol.\n2015;\n24(4):\n499\u2013504."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Mavreas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mavreas\n D,\n \n \n Athanasiou\n AE.\n \n \n Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\nEur J Orthod.\n2008;\n30(4):\n386\u2013395."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b20","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"7751516","article-title":"Extraction vs. nonextraction on soft-tissue profile change in patients with malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Moon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moon\n S,\n \n \n Mohamed\n AMA,\n \n \n He\n Y,\n \n \n Dong\n W,\n \n \n Yaosen\n C,\n \n \n Yang\n Y.\n \n \n Extraction vs. nonextraction on soft-tissue profile change in patients with malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nBiomed Res Int.\n2021;\n2021:\n7751516."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b21","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"401","article-title":"Outcomes of comprehensive fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review with meta-analysis and methodological overview","volume":"47","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n H\u00f6chli\n D,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Outcomes of comprehensive fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review with meta-analysis and methodological overview.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2017;\n47(6):\n401\u2013413."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"609","article-title":"Mandibular alignment changes after full-fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Swidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swidi\n AJ,\n \n \n Griffin\n AE,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Mandibular alignment changes after full-fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nEur J Orthod.\n2019;\n41(6):\n609\u2013621."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b23","series-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res","first-page":"237","article-title":"Meta analysis of soft tissue profile repair in patients treated with and without premolar extraction","volume":"14","author":"Ze-Ping","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ze-Ping\n L,\n \n \n Ting-Ting\n C,\n \n \n Gui-Feng\n L,\n \n \n Si-Cong\n J,\n \n \n Shu-Juan\n Z.\n \n \n Meta analysis of soft tissue profile repair in patients treated with and without premolar extraction.\nChin J Tissue Eng Res.\n2010;\n14(2):\n237."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"368","article-title":"Extraction vs nonextraction of premolars for orthodontic treatment: a scoping review examining the extent, range, and characteristics of the literature","volume":"164","author":"Benson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benson\n PE,\n \n \n Alshawy\n E,\n \n \n Fenton\n GD,\n \n et al.\n \n Extraction vs nonextraction of premolars for orthodontic treatment: a scoping review examining the extent, range, and characteristics of the literature.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2023;\n164:\n368\u2013376."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b25","series-title":"Res Synth Methods","first-page":"5","article-title":"Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Borenstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borenstein\n M,\n \n \n Higgins\n JPT,\n \n \n Hedges\n LV,\n \n \n Rothstein\n HR.\n \n \n Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity.\nRes Synth Methods.\n2017;\n8(1):\n5\u201318."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b26","series-title":"Chichester U.K.: John Wiley & Sons","article-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borenstein\n M,\n \n \n Hedges\n LV,\n \n \n Higgins\n JPT,\n \n \n Rothstein\n HR.\n \n \n Introduction to Meta-Analysis.\nChichester U.K.: John Wiley & Sons;\n2009."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"948","article-title":"Arch width changes in extraction and nonextraction treatment in class I patients","volume":"75","author":"Aksu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aksu\n M,\n \n \n Kocadereli\n I.\n \n \n Arch width changes in extraction and nonextraction treatment in class I patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n2005;\n75(6):\n948\u2013952."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"717","article-title":"Treatment outcomes after extraction and nonextraction treatment evaluated with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system","volume":"146","author":"Anthopoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anthopoulou\n C,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Makou\n M.\n \n \n Treatment outcomes after extraction and nonextraction treatment evaluated with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2014;\n146(6):\n717\u2013723."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b29","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"44","article-title":"Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition","volume":"18","author":"Beit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beit\n P,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Papagiannis\n A,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition.\nProg Orthod.\n2017;\n18(1):\n44."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"633","article-title":"A computer assisted photogrammetric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part I: Methodology and reliability","volume":"107","author":"Bishara","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE,\n \n \n Cummins\n DM,\n \n \n Jorgensen\n GJ,\n \n \n Jakobsen\n JR.\n \n \n A computer assisted photogrammetric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part I: Methodology and reliability.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1995;\n107(6):\n633\u2013639."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b31","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"120","article-title":"Changes in maximum lip-closing force after extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments","volume":"50","author":"Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi\n TH,\n \n \n Kim\n SH,\n \n \n Kim\n C,\n \n \n Kook\n YA,\n \n \n Larson\n BE,\n \n \n Lee\n NK.\n \n \n Changes in maximum lip-closing force after extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2020;\n50(2):\n120\u2013128."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"67","article-title":"Overjet, overbite, and anterior crowding relapses in extraction and nonextraction patients, and their correlations","volume":"146","author":"Francisconi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Francisconi\n MF,\n \n \n Janson\n G,\n \n \n Freitas\n KM,\n \n et al.\n \n Overjet, overbite, and anterior crowding relapses in extraction and nonextraction patients, and their correlations.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2014;\n146(1):\n67\u201372."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b33","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Posttreatment and physiologic occlusal changes comparison","volume":"83","author":"Freitas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freitas\n KM,\n \n \n Janson\n G,\n \n \n Tompson\n B,\n \n et al.\n \n Posttreatment and physiologic occlusal changes comparison.\nAngle Orthod.\n2013;\n83(2):\n239\u2013245."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b34","series-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofacial Res","first-page":"172","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freitas\n BV,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n VP,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n MF,\n \n \n de Melo\n HVF,\n \n \n Dos Santos\n PCF.\n \n \n Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study.\nJ Oral Biol Craniofacial Res.\n2019;\n9(2):\n172\u2013176."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b35","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"679","article-title":"Effect of extraction of first four premolars on smile esthetics","volume":"33","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghaffar\n F,\n \n \n Fida\n M.\n \n \n Effect of extraction of first four premolars on smile esthetics.\nEur J Orthod.\n2011;\n33(6):\n679\u2013683."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b36","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"486","article-title":"Effects of three different orthodontic treatment methods on the stability of mandibular incisor alignment","volume":"41","author":"Gorucu-Coskuner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorucu-Coskuner\n H,\n \n 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An assessment of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment using the peer assessment rating (PAR) index.\nAngle Orthod.\n1998;\n68(6):\n527\u2013534."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b39","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"A comparative study of dental arch widths: extraction and non-extraction treatment","volume":"27","author":"I\u015fik","year":"2005","unstructured":"I\u015fik\n F,\n \n \n Sayinsu\n K,\n \n \n Nalbantgil\n D,\n \n \n Arun\n T.\n \n \n A comparative study of dental arch widths: extraction and non-extraction treatment.\nEur J Orthod.\n2005;\n27(6):\n585\u2013589."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b40","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles","volume":"129","author":"I\u015fiksal","year":"2006","unstructured":"I\u015fiksal\n E,\n \n \n Hazar\n S,\n \n \n Akyal\u00e7in\n S.\n \n \n Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n129(1):\n8\u201316."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b41","series-title":"Orthod WAVES","first-page":"105","article-title":"A 2-center comparison of maxillary incisor positioning with non-extraction, 2-maxillary premolar and 4-premolar extractions for Class II treatment","volume":"74","author":"Janson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janson\n G,\n \n \n Simao\n TM,\n \n \n Barros\n SE,\n \n \n Tompson\n BD,\n \n \n Freitas\n K.\n \n \n A 2-center comparison of maxillary incisor positioning with non-extraction, 2-maxillary premolar and 4-premolar extractions for Class II treatment.\nOrthod WAVES.\n2015;\n74(4):\n105\u2013111."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b42","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"65","article-title":"Change in arch width in extraction vs nonextraction treatment","volume":"37","author":"Jeon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jeon\n JY,\n \n \n Kim\n SJ,\n \n \n Kang\n SG,\n \n \n Park\n YG.\n \n \n Change in arch width in extraction vs nonextraction treatment.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2007;\n37(1):\n65\u201372."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b43","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars","volume":"108","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson\n DK,\n \n \n Smith\n RJ.\n \n \n Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1995;\n108(2):\n162\u2013167."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b44","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"354","article-title":"Extraction vs nonextraction: Arch widths and smile esthetics","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim\n E,\n \n \n Gianelly\n AA.\n \n \n Extraction vs nonextraction: Arch widths and smile esthetics.\nAngle Orthod.\n2003;\n73(4):\n354\u2013358."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b45","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions","volume":"82","author":"Konstantonis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Konstantonis\n D.\n \n \n The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions.\nAngle Orthod.\n2012;\n82(2):\n209\u2013217."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b46","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"264","article-title":"A geometric morphometric evaluation of hard and soft tissue profile changes in borderline extraction versus non-extraction patients","volume":"41","author":"Kouli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kouli\n A,\n \n \n Papagiannis\n A,\n \n \n Konstantoni\n N,\n \n \n Halazonetis\n DJ,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D.\n \n \n A geometric morphometric evaluation of hard and soft tissue profile changes in borderline extraction versus non-extraction patients.\nEur J Orthod.\n2019;\n41(3):\n264\u2013272."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b47","series-title":"Changes in Arch Dimensions After Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment","author":"MacKriel","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacKriel\n EA.\n \n \n \n Changes in Arch Dimensions After Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment\n \n [PhD thesis].\nBellville, South Africa:\nUniversity of the Western Cape;\n2008."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b48","series-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Smile esthetics: evaluation of differential perception among laypersons, dental professionals and orthodontics","volume":"13","author":"Naik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naik\n P,\n \n \n Manohar\n MR,\n \n \n Shivaprakash\n G,\n \n \n Jabeen\n N.\n \n \n Smile esthetics: evaluation of differential perception among laypersons, dental professionals and orthodontics.\nIOSR J Dent Med Sci.\n2014;\n13(1):\n35\u201343."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b49","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"581","article-title":"Comparison of arch width changes following orthodontic treatment with and without extraction using three-dimensional models","volume":"20","author":"Oz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oz\n AA,\n \n \n Oz\n AZ,\n \n \n Yazicio\u011flu\n S,\n \n \n Arici\n N,\n \n \n Ozer\n M,\n \n \n Arici\n S.\n \n \n Comparison of arch width changes following orthodontic treatment with and without extraction using three-dimensional models.\nNiger J Clin Pract.\n2017;\n20(5):\n581\u2013586."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b50","series-title":"IJODR","first-page":"182","article-title":"Comparison of smile esthetics after extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad\n V,\n \n \n Tandon\n P,\n \n \n Singh\n GK,\n \n \n Nagar\n A,\n \n \n Maurya\n RP.\n \n \n Comparison of smile esthetics after extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment.\nIJODR.\n2018;\n4(4):\n182\u2013189."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b51","series-title":"J Pierre Fauchard Acad India Sect","first-page":"45","article-title":"Arch width changes in canine and molar regions after extraction and non-extraction treatment","volume":"24","author":"Sumit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sumit\n G,\n \n \n Ashima\n V.\n \n \n Arch width changes in canine and molar regions after extraction and non-extraction treatment.\nJ Pierre Fauchard Acad India Sect.\n2010;\n24(2):\n45\u201353."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b52","series-title":"Int J Orthod Rehabil","first-page":"23","article-title":"Extraction versus non-extraction: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaidya\n M,\n \n \n Jyothikiran\n H,\n \n \n Raghunath\n N,\n \n \n Pai\n P.\n \n \n Extraction versus non-extraction: a retrospective study.\nInt J Orthod Rehabil.\n2018;\n9(1):\n23."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b53","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"672","article-title":"Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu\n TM,\n \n \n Liu\n Y,\n \n \n Yang\n MZ,\n \n \n Huang\n W.\n \n \n Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n129(5):\n672\u2013677."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b54","series-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue","first-page":"355","article-title":"[Changes in arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment]","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dong\n ZY,\n \n \n Liu\n DX,\n \n \n Wang\n TJ,\n \n \n Liu\n L.\n \n \n [Changes in arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment].\nShanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue.\n2007;\n16(4):\n355\u2013357[Article in Chinese]."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b55","series-title":"Mustansiria Dent J","first-page":"356","article-title":"Changes in third molar angulations after first premolar extractions during fixed orthodontic treatment","volume":"6","author":"Mahmood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahmood\n DAD.\n \n \n Changes in third molar angulations after first premolar extractions during fixed orthodontic treatment.\nMustansiria Dent J.\n2009;\n6(4):\n356\u2013360."},{"issue":"(02)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b56","series-title":"Dentistry","article-title":"A prospective clinical trial of arch width changes evaluated through dental casts in consecutively treated non-extraction and extraction cases","volume":"01","author":"De Almeida","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Almeida\n MR,\n \n \n Almeida-Pedrin\n RRD.\n \n \n A prospective clinical trial of arch width changes evaluated through dental casts in consecutively treated non-extraction and extraction cases.\nDentistry.\n2011;\n01(02)."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b57","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"292","article-title":"Looking through the retrospectoscope: reducing bias in emergency medicine chart review studies","volume":"64","author":"Kaji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaji\n AH,\n \n \n Schriger\n D,\n \n \n Green\n S.\n \n \n Looking through the retrospectoscope: reducing bias in emergency medicine chart review studies.\nAnn Emerg Med.\n2014;\n64(3):\n292\u2013298."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b58","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"401","article-title":"Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age","volume":"111","author":"Bishara","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE,\n \n \n Jakobsen\n JR,\n \n \n Treder\n J,\n \n \n Nowak\n A.\n \n \n Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1997;\n111(4):\n401\u2013409."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b59","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"698","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45 years of age","volume":"114","author":"Bishara","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE,\n \n \n Jakobsen\n JR,\n \n \n Hession\n TJ,\n \n \n Treder\n JE.\n \n \n Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45 years of age.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1998;\n114(6):\n698\u2013706."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b60","series-title":"Biom J Biom Z","first-page":"658","article-title":"Meta-analysis of two studies in the presence of heterogeneity with applications in rare diseases","volume":"59","author":"Friede","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friede\n T,\n \n \n R\u00f6ver\n C,\n \n \n Wandel\n S,\n \n \n Neuenschwander\n B.\n \n \n Meta-analysis of two studies in the presence of heterogeneity with applications in rare diseases.\nBiom J Biom Z.\n2017;\n59(4):\n658\u2013671."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b61","series-title":"Dent Press J Orthod","first-page":"134","article-title":"Tooth extraction in orthodontics: an evaluation of diagnostic elements","volume":"15","author":"Ruellas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruellas\n AC de O,\n \n \n Ruellas\n RM de O,\n \n \n Romano\n FL,\n \n \n Pithon\n MM,\n \n \n Santos\n RL dos.\n \n \n Tooth extraction in orthodontics: an evaluation of diagnostic elements.\nDent Press J Orthod.\n2010;\n15:\n134\u2013157."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b62","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"MR000034","article-title":"Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials","volume":"2014","author":"Anglemyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anglemyer\n A,\n \n \n Horvath\n HT,\n \n \n Bero\n L.\n \n \n Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials.\nCochrane Database Syst Rev.\n2014;\n2014(4):\nMR000034."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b63","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"230","article-title":"Factors influencing treatment time in orthodontic patients","volume":"129","author":"Skidmore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skidmore\n KJ,\n \n \n Brook\n KJ,\n \n \n Thomson\n WM,\n \n \n Harding\n WJ.\n \n \n Factors influencing treatment time in orthodontic patients.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n129(2):\n230\u2013238."},{"issue":"(9)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"656","article-title":"The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer","volume":"50","author":"Pollock","year":"1964","unstructured":"Pollock\n HC.\n \n \n The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer.\nAm J Orthod.\n1964;\n50(9):\n656\u2013658."},{"issue":"(11)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"843","article-title":"The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer: discussion of Case: the question of extraction in orthodontia","volume":"50","year":"1964","unstructured":"The extraction debate of 1911 by Case, Dewey, and Cryer: discussion of Case: the question of extraction in orthodontia.\nAm J Orthod.\n1964;\n50(11):\n843\u2013851."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b03","series-title":"Angle\u2019s System","article-title":"Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth","author":"Angle","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n EH.\n \n \n Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth.\nAngle\u2019s System.\n7th ed.,\nS.S. White dental manufacturing Co.,\nPhiladelphia,\n1907."},{"issue":"(9)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"660","article-title":"The question of extraction in orthodontia","volume":"50","author":"Case","year":"1964","unstructured":"Case\n CS.\n \n \n The question of extraction in orthodontia.\nAm J Orthod.\n1964;\n50(9):\n660\u2013691."},{"issue":"(7)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"517","article-title":"Stone age man\u2019s dentition: with reference to anatomically correct occlusion, the etiology of malocclusion, and a technique for its treatment","volume":"40","author":"Begg","year":"1954","unstructured":"Begg\n PR.\n \n \n Stone age man\u2019s dentition: with reference to anatomically correct occlusion, the etiology of malocclusion, and a technique for its treatment.\nAm J Orthod.\n1954;\n40(7):\n517\u2013531."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"22","article-title":"Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure","volume":"42","author":"Tweed","year":"1944","unstructured":"Tweed\n CH.\n \n \n Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure.\nAm J Orthod Oral Surg.\n1944;\n42:\n22\u201345."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"407","article-title":"Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic","volume":"64","author":"Proffit","year":"1994","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n Forty-year review of extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic.\nAngle Orthod.\n1994;\n64(6):\n407\u2013414."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction","volume":"151","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson\n TH,\n \n \n Guez\n C,\n \n \n Lin\n FC,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Ko\n CC.\n \n \n Extraction frequencies at a university orthodontic clinic in the 21st century: demographic and diagnostic factors affecting the likelihood of extraction.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2017;\n151(3):\n456\u2013462."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b09","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"51","article-title":"Frequency evaluation of different extraction protocols in orthodontic treatment during 35 years","volume":"15","author":"Janson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janson\n G,\n \n \n Maria\n FRT,\n \n \n Bombonatti\n R.\n \n \n Frequency evaluation of different extraction protocols in orthodontic treatment during 35 years.\nProg Orthod.\n2014;\n15(1):\n51."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients","volume":"70","author":"Bowman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bowman\n SJ,\n \n \n Johnston\n LE.\n \n \n The esthetic impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on Caucasian patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n2000;\n70(1):\n3\u201310."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"539","article-title":"Facial changes in extraction and nonextraction patients","volume":"68","author":"Boley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boley\n JC,\n \n \n Pontier\n JP,\n \n \n Smith\n S,\n \n \n Fulbright\n M.\n \n \n Facial changes in extraction and nonextraction patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n1998;\n68(6):\n539\u2013546."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b12","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"167","article-title":"Soft tissue changes following extraction vs. nonextraction orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Konstantonis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Vasileiou\n D,\n \n \n Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Soft tissue changes following extraction vs. nonextraction orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nEur J Oral Sci.\n2018;\n126(3):\n167\u2013179."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"349","article-title":"Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics","volume":"80","author":"Little","year":"1981","unstructured":"Little\n RM,\n \n \n Wallen\n TR,\n \n \n Riedel\n RA.\n \n \n Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment-first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics.\nAm J Orthod.\n1981;\n80(4):\n349\u2013365."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b14","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"160","article-title":"A longitudinal evaluation of extraction versus nonextraction treatment with special reference to the posttreatment irregularity of the lower incisors","volume":"5","author":"Rossouw","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rossouw\n PE,\n \n \n Preston\n CB,\n \n \n Lombard\n C.\n \n \n A longitudinal evaluation of extraction versus nonextraction treatment with special reference to the posttreatment irregularity of the lower incisors.\nSemin Orthod.\n1999;\n5(3):\n160\u2013170."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b15","series-title":"J Evid-Based Dent Pract","first-page":"193","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Almurtadha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almurtadha\n RH,\n \n \n Alhammadi\n MS,\n \n \n Fayed\n MMS,\n \n \n Abou-El-Ezz\n A,\n \n \n Halboub\n E.\n \n \n Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nJ Evid-Based Dent Pract.\n2018;\n18(3):\n193\u2013202."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"53","article-title":"A meta-analysis of mandibular intercanine width in treatment and postretention","volume":"68","author":"Burke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burke\n SP,\n \n \n Silveira\n AM,\n \n \n Goldsmith\n LJ,\n \n \n Yancey\n JM,\n \n \n Van Stewart\n A,\n \n \n Scarfe\n WC.\n \n \n A meta-analysis of mandibular intercanine width in treatment and postretention.\nAngle Orthod.\n1998;\n68(1):\n53\u201360."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b17","series-title":"J Dent Sci","first-page":"387","article-title":"Effects of tooth extraction on smile esthetics and the buccal corridor: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng\n HC,\n \n \n Wang\n YC,\n \n \n Tam\n KW,\n \n \n Yen\n MF.\n \n \n Effects of tooth extraction on smile esthetics and the buccal corridor: a meta-analysis.\nJ Dent Sci.\n2016;\n11(4):\n387\u2013393."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b18","series-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue Shanghai J Stomatol","first-page":"499","article-title":"[Effect of extraction and non-extraction treatment on frontal smiling esthetics: a meta-analysis]","volume":"24","author":"Dai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dai\n M Lu,\n \n \n Xiao\n M,\n \n \n Yu\n Z,\n \n \n Liu\n D Xu.\n \n \n [Effect of extraction and non-extraction treatment on frontal smiling esthetics: a meta-analysis].\nShanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue Shanghai J Stomatol.\n2015;\n24(4):\n499\u2013504."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Mavreas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mavreas\n D,\n \n \n Athanasiou\n AE.\n \n \n Factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review.\nEur J Orthod.\n2008;\n30(4):\n386\u2013395."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b20","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"7751516","article-title":"Extraction vs. nonextraction on soft-tissue profile change in patients with malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Moon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moon\n S,\n \n \n Mohamed\n AMA,\n \n \n He\n Y,\n \n \n Dong\n W,\n \n \n Yaosen\n C,\n \n \n Yang\n Y.\n \n \n Extraction vs. nonextraction on soft-tissue profile change in patients with malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nBiomed Res Int.\n2021;\n2021:\n7751516."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b21","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"401","article-title":"Outcomes of comprehensive fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review with meta-analysis and methodological overview","volume":"47","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n H\u00f6chli\n D,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Outcomes of comprehensive fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review with meta-analysis and methodological overview.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2017;\n47(6):\n401\u2013413."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"609","article-title":"Mandibular alignment changes after full-fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Swidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swidi\n AJ,\n \n \n Griffin\n AE,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Mandibular alignment changes after full-fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\nEur J Orthod.\n2019;\n41(6):\n609\u2013621."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b23","series-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res","first-page":"237","article-title":"Meta analysis of soft tissue profile repair in patients treated with and without premolar extraction","volume":"14","author":"Ze-Ping","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ze-Ping\n L,\n \n \n Ting-Ting\n C,\n \n \n Gui-Feng\n L,\n \n \n Si-Cong\n J,\n \n \n Shu-Juan\n Z.\n \n \n Meta analysis of soft tissue profile repair in patients treated with and without premolar extraction.\nChin J Tissue Eng Res.\n2010;\n14(2):\n237."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"368","article-title":"Extraction vs nonextraction of premolars for orthodontic treatment: a scoping review examining the extent, range, and characteristics of the literature","volume":"164","author":"Benson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benson\n PE,\n \n \n Alshawy\n E,\n \n \n Fenton\n GD,\n \n et al.\n \n Extraction vs nonextraction of premolars for orthodontic treatment: a scoping review examining the extent, range, and characteristics of the literature.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2023;\n164:\n368\u2013376."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b25","series-title":"Res Synth Methods","first-page":"5","article-title":"Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Borenstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borenstein\n M,\n \n \n Higgins\n JPT,\n \n \n Hedges\n LV,\n \n \n Rothstein\n HR.\n \n \n Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity.\nRes Synth Methods.\n2017;\n8(1):\n5\u201318."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b26","series-title":"Chichester U.K.: John Wiley & Sons","article-title":"Introduction to Meta-Analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borenstein\n M,\n \n \n Hedges\n LV,\n \n \n Higgins\n JPT,\n \n \n Rothstein\n HR.\n \n \n Introduction to Meta-Analysis.\nChichester U.K.: John Wiley & Sons;\n2009."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"948","article-title":"Arch width changes in extraction and nonextraction treatment in class I patients","volume":"75","author":"Aksu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aksu\n M,\n \n \n Kocadereli\n I.\n \n \n Arch width changes in extraction and nonextraction treatment in class I patients.\nAngle Orthod.\n2005;\n75(6):\n948\u2013952."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"717","article-title":"Treatment outcomes after extraction and nonextraction treatment evaluated with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system","volume":"146","author":"Anthopoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anthopoulou\n C,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Makou\n M.\n \n \n Treatment outcomes after extraction and nonextraction treatment evaluated with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2014;\n146(6):\n717\u2013723."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b29","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"44","article-title":"Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition","volume":"18","author":"Beit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beit\n P,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D,\n \n \n Papagiannis\n A,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition.\nProg Orthod.\n2017;\n18(1):\n44."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"633","article-title":"A computer assisted photogrammetric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part I: Methodology and reliability","volume":"107","author":"Bishara","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE,\n \n \n Cummins\n DM,\n \n \n Jorgensen\n GJ,\n \n \n Jakobsen\n JR.\n \n \n A computer assisted photogrammetric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part I: Methodology and reliability.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1995;\n107(6):\n633\u2013639."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b31","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"120","article-title":"Changes in maximum lip-closing force after extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments","volume":"50","author":"Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi\n TH,\n \n \n Kim\n SH,\n \n \n Kim\n C,\n \n \n Kook\n YA,\n \n \n Larson\n BE,\n \n \n Lee\n NK.\n \n \n Changes in maximum lip-closing force after extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatments.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2020;\n50(2):\n120\u2013128."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"67","article-title":"Overjet, overbite, and anterior crowding relapses in extraction and nonextraction patients, and their correlations","volume":"146","author":"Francisconi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Francisconi\n MF,\n \n \n Janson\n G,\n \n \n Freitas\n KM,\n \n et al.\n \n Overjet, overbite, and anterior crowding relapses in extraction and nonextraction patients, and their correlations.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2014;\n146(1):\n67\u201372."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b33","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Posttreatment and physiologic occlusal changes comparison","volume":"83","author":"Freitas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freitas\n KM,\n \n \n Janson\n G,\n \n \n Tompson\n B,\n \n et al.\n \n Posttreatment and physiologic occlusal changes comparison.\nAngle Orthod.\n2013;\n83(2):\n239\u2013245."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b34","series-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofacial Res","first-page":"172","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freitas\n BV,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n VP,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n MF,\n \n \n de Melo\n HVF,\n \n \n Dos Santos\n PCF.\n \n \n Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study.\nJ Oral Biol Craniofacial Res.\n2019;\n9(2):\n172\u2013176."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b35","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"679","article-title":"Effect of extraction of first four premolars on smile esthetics","volume":"33","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghaffar\n F,\n \n \n Fida\n M.\n \n \n Effect of extraction of first four premolars on smile esthetics.\nEur J Orthod.\n2011;\n33(6):\n679\u2013683."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b36","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"486","article-title":"Effects of three different orthodontic treatment methods on the stability of mandibular incisor alignment","volume":"41","author":"Gorucu-Coskuner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorucu-Coskuner\n H,\n \n \n Atik,\n E,\n \n \n Kocadereli\n I.\n \n \n Effects of three different orthodontic treatment methods on the stability of mandibular incisor alignment.\nJ Clin Pediatr Dent.\n2017;\n41(6):\n486\u2013493."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b37","series-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad","first-page":"263","article-title":"Esthetic impact of tooth extraction in Pakistani patients","volume":"26","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hassan\n S,\n \n \n Shaikh\n A,\n \n \n Fida\n M.\n \n \n Esthetic impact of tooth extraction in Pakistani patients.\nJ Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad2014;\n26(3):\n263\u2013268."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b38","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"527","article-title":"An assessment of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment using the peer assessment rating (PAR) index","volume":"68","author":"Holman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holman\n JK,\n \n \n Hans\n MG,\n \n \n Nelson\n S,\n \n \n Powers\n MP.\n \n \n An assessment of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment using the peer assessment rating (PAR) index.\nAngle Orthod.\n1998;\n68(6):\n527\u2013534."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b39","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"A comparative study of dental arch widths: extraction and non-extraction treatment","volume":"27","author":"I\u015fik","year":"2005","unstructured":"I\u015fik\n F,\n \n \n Sayinsu\n K,\n \n \n Nalbantgil\n D,\n \n \n Arun\n T.\n \n \n A comparative study of dental arch widths: extraction and non-extraction treatment.\nEur J Orthod.\n2005;\n27(6):\n585\u2013589."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b40","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles","volume":"129","author":"I\u015fiksal","year":"2006","unstructured":"I\u015fiksal\n E,\n \n \n Hazar\n S,\n \n \n Akyal\u00e7in\n S.\n \n \n Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n129(1):\n8\u201316."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b41","series-title":"Orthod WAVES","first-page":"105","article-title":"A 2-center comparison of maxillary incisor positioning with non-extraction, 2-maxillary premolar and 4-premolar extractions for Class II treatment","volume":"74","author":"Janson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janson\n G,\n \n \n Simao\n TM,\n \n \n Barros\n SE,\n \n \n Tompson\n BD,\n \n \n Freitas\n K.\n \n \n A 2-center comparison of maxillary incisor positioning with non-extraction, 2-maxillary premolar and 4-premolar extractions for Class II treatment.\nOrthod WAVES.\n2015;\n74(4):\n105\u2013111."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b42","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"65","article-title":"Change in arch width in extraction vs nonextraction treatment","volume":"37","author":"Jeon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jeon\n JY,\n \n \n Kim\n SJ,\n \n \n Kang\n SG,\n \n \n Park\n YG.\n \n \n Change in arch width in extraction vs nonextraction treatment.\nKorean J Orthod.\n2007;\n37(1):\n65\u201372."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b43","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"162","article-title":"Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars","volume":"108","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson\n DK,\n \n \n Smith\n RJ.\n \n \n Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1995;\n108(2):\n162\u2013167."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b44","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"354","article-title":"Extraction vs nonextraction: Arch widths and smile esthetics","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim\n E,\n \n \n Gianelly\n AA.\n \n \n Extraction vs nonextraction: Arch widths and smile esthetics.\nAngle Orthod.\n2003;\n73(4):\n354\u2013358."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b45","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions","volume":"82","author":"Konstantonis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Konstantonis\n D.\n \n \n The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions.\nAngle Orthod.\n2012;\n82(2):\n209\u2013217."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b46","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"264","article-title":"A geometric morphometric evaluation of hard and soft tissue profile changes in borderline extraction versus non-extraction patients","volume":"41","author":"Kouli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kouli\n A,\n \n \n Papagiannis\n A,\n \n \n Konstantoni\n N,\n \n \n Halazonetis\n DJ,\n \n \n Konstantonis\n D.\n \n \n A geometric morphometric evaluation of hard and soft tissue profile changes in borderline extraction versus non-extraction patients.\nEur J Orthod.\n2019;\n41(3):\n264\u2013272."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b47","series-title":"Changes in Arch Dimensions After Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment","author":"MacKriel","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacKriel\n EA.\n \n \n \n Changes in Arch Dimensions After Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment\n \n [PhD thesis].\nBellville, South Africa:\nUniversity of the Western Cape;\n2008."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b48","series-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Smile esthetics: evaluation of differential perception among laypersons, dental professionals and orthodontics","volume":"13","author":"Naik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naik\n P,\n \n \n Manohar\n MR,\n \n \n Shivaprakash\n G,\n \n \n Jabeen\n N.\n \n \n Smile esthetics: evaluation of differential perception among laypersons, dental professionals and orthodontics.\nIOSR J Dent Med Sci.\n2014;\n13(1):\n35\u201343."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b49","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"581","article-title":"Comparison of arch width changes following orthodontic treatment with and without extraction using three-dimensional models","volume":"20","author":"Oz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oz\n AA,\n \n \n Oz\n AZ,\n \n \n Yazicio\u011flu\n S,\n \n \n Arici\n N,\n \n \n Ozer\n M,\n \n \n Arici\n S.\n \n \n Comparison of arch width changes following orthodontic treatment with and without extraction using three-dimensional models.\nNiger J Clin Pract.\n2017;\n20(5):\n581\u2013586."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b50","series-title":"IJODR","first-page":"182","article-title":"Comparison of smile esthetics after extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad\n V,\n \n \n Tandon\n P,\n \n \n Singh\n GK,\n \n \n Nagar\n A,\n \n \n Maurya\n RP.\n \n \n Comparison of smile esthetics after extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment.\nIJODR.\n2018;\n4(4):\n182\u2013189."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b51","series-title":"J Pierre Fauchard Acad India Sect","first-page":"45","article-title":"Arch width changes in canine and molar regions after extraction and non-extraction treatment","volume":"24","author":"Sumit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sumit\n G,\n \n \n Ashima\n V.\n \n \n Arch width changes in canine and molar regions after extraction and non-extraction treatment.\nJ Pierre Fauchard Acad India Sect.\n2010;\n24(2):\n45\u201353."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b52","series-title":"Int J Orthod Rehabil","first-page":"23","article-title":"Extraction versus non-extraction: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaidya\n M,\n \n \n Jyothikiran\n H,\n \n \n Raghunath\n N,\n \n \n Pai\n P.\n \n \n Extraction versus non-extraction: a retrospective study.\nInt J Orthod Rehabil.\n2018;\n9(1):\n23."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b53","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"672","article-title":"Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu\n TM,\n \n \n Liu\n Y,\n \n \n Yang\n MZ,\n \n \n Huang\n W.\n \n \n Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n129(5):\n672\u2013677."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b54","series-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue","first-page":"355","article-title":"[Changes in arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment]","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dong\n ZY,\n \n \n Liu\n DX,\n \n \n Wang\n TJ,\n \n \n Liu\n L.\n \n \n [Changes in arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment].\nShanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue.\n2007;\n16(4):\n355\u2013357[Article in Chinese]."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b55","series-title":"Mustansiria Dent J","first-page":"356","article-title":"Changes in third molar angulations after first premolar extractions during fixed orthodontic treatment","volume":"6","author":"Mahmood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahmood\n DAD.\n \n \n Changes in third molar angulations after first premolar extractions during fixed orthodontic treatment.\nMustansiria Dent J.\n2009;\n6(4):\n356\u2013360."},{"issue":"(02)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b56","series-title":"Dentistry","article-title":"A prospective clinical trial of arch width changes evaluated through dental casts in consecutively treated non-extraction and extraction cases","volume":"01","author":"De Almeida","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Almeida\n MR,\n \n \n Almeida-Pedrin\n RRD.\n \n \n A prospective clinical trial of arch width changes evaluated through dental casts in consecutively treated non-extraction and extraction cases.\nDentistry.\n2011;\n01(02)."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b57","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"292","article-title":"Looking through the retrospectoscope: reducing bias in emergency medicine chart review studies","volume":"64","author":"Kaji","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaji\n AH,\n \n \n Schriger\n D,\n \n \n Green\n S.\n \n \n Looking through the retrospectoscope: reducing bias in emergency medicine chart review studies.\nAnn Emerg Med.\n2014;\n64(3):\n292\u2013298."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b58","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"401","article-title":"Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age","volume":"111","author":"Bishara","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE,\n \n \n Jakobsen\n JR,\n \n \n Treder\n J,\n \n \n Nowak\n A.\n \n \n Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1997;\n111(4):\n401\u2013409."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b59","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"698","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45 years of age","volume":"114","author":"Bishara","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE,\n \n \n Jakobsen\n JR,\n \n \n Hession\n TJ,\n \n \n Treder\n JE.\n \n \n Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45 years of age.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n1998;\n114(6):\n698\u2013706."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b60","series-title":"Biom J Biom Z","first-page":"658","article-title":"Meta-analysis of two studies in the presence of heterogeneity with applications in rare diseases","volume":"59","author":"Friede","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friede\n T,\n \n \n R\u00f6ver\n C,\n \n \n Wandel\n S,\n \n \n Neuenschwander\n B.\n \n \n Meta-analysis of two studies in the presence of heterogeneity with applications in rare diseases.\nBiom J Biom Z.\n2017;\n59(4):\n658\u2013671."},{"key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b61","series-title":"Dent Press J Orthod","first-page":"134","article-title":"Tooth extraction in orthodontics: an evaluation of diagnostic elements","volume":"15","author":"Ruellas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruellas\n AC de O,\n \n \n Ruellas\n RM de O,\n \n \n Romano\n FL,\n \n \n Pithon\n MM,\n \n \n Santos\n RL dos.\n \n \n Tooth extraction in orthodontics: an evaluation of diagnostic elements.\nDent Press J Orthod.\n2010;\n15:\n134\u2013157."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b62","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"MR000034","article-title":"Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials","volume":"2014","author":"Anglemyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anglemyer\n A,\n \n \n Horvath\n HT,\n \n \n Bero\n L.\n \n \n Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials.\nCochrane Database Syst Rev.\n2014;\n2014(4):\nMR000034."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i1945-7103-94-1-83-b63","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"230","article-title":"Factors influencing treatment time in orthodontic patients","volume":"129","author":"Skidmore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skidmore\n KJ,\n \n \n Brook\n KJ,\n \n \n Thomson\n WM,\n \n \n Harding\n WJ.\n \n \n Factors influencing treatment time in orthodontic patients.\nAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n2006;\n129(2):\n230\u2013238."}],"container-title":["The Angle 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